344 lines
22 KiB
HTML
344 lines
22 KiB
HTML
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<title>intro(9P) - Plan 9 from User Space</title>
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<tr height=10><td>
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<tr><td width=20><td>
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<tr><td width=20><td><b>INTRO(9P)</b><td align=right><b>INTRO(9P)</b>
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<tr><td width=20><td colspan=2>
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<br>
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<p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br>
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
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intro – introduction to the Plan 9 File Protocol, 9P<br>
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</table>
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<p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br>
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
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<tt><font size=+1>#include <fcall.h><br>
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</font></tt>
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</table>
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<p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br>
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
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A Plan 9 <i>server</i> is an agent that provides one or more hierarchical
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file systems -- file trees -- that may be accessed by Plan 9 processes.
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A server responds to requests by <i>clients</i> to navigate the hierarchy,
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and to create, remove, read, and write files. The prototypical
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server is a separate machine that stores large numbers
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of user files on permanent media; such a machine is called, somewhat
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confusingly, a <i>file server</i>. Another possibility for a server is
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to synthesize files on demand, perhaps based on information on
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data structures maintained in memory; the <a href="../man4/plumber.html"><i>plumber</i>(4)</a> server is
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an example of such a server.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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A <i>connection</i> to a server is a bidirectional communication path
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from the client to the server. There may be a single client or
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multiple clients sharing the same connection.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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The <i>Plan 9 File Protocol</i>, 9P, is used for messages between <i>clients</i>
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and <i>servers</i>. A client transmits <i>requests</i> (<i>T-messages</i>) to a server,
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which subsequently returns <i>replies</i> (<i>R-messages</i>) to the client.
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The combined acts of transmitting (receiving) a request of a particular
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type, and receiving (transmitting) its reply is called a
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<i>transaction</i> of that type.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Each message consists of a sequence of bytes. Two-, four-, and
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eight-byte fields hold unsigned integers represented in little-endian
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order (least significant byte first). Data items of larger or
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variable lengths are represented by a two-byte field specifying
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a count, <i>n</i>, followed by <i>n</i> bytes of data. Text strings are
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represented this way, with the text itself stored as a UTF-8 encoded
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sequence of Unicode characters (see <a href="../man7/utf.html"><i>utf</i>(7)</a>). Text strings in 9P
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messages are not NUL-terminated: <i>n</i> counts the bytes of UTF-8 data,
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which include no final zero byte. The NUL character is illegal
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in all text strings in 9P, and is therefore excluded from file
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names, user names, and so on.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Each 9P message begins with a four-byte size field specifying
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the length in bytes of the complete message including the four
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bytes of the size field itself. The next byte is the message type,
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one of the constants in the enumeration in the include file <tt><font size=+1><fcall.h></font></tt>.
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The next two bytes are an identifying <i>tag</i>, described
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below. The remaining bytes are parameters of different sizes.
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In the message descriptions, the number of bytes in a field is
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given in brackets after the field name. The notation <i>parameter</i>[<i>n</i>]
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where <i>n</i> is not a constant represents a variable-length parameter:
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<i>n</i>[2] followed by <i>n</i> bytes of data forming the <i>parameter</i>. The
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notation <i>string</i>[<i>s</i>] (using a literal <i>s</i> character) is shorthand
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for <i>s</i>[2] followed by <i>s</i> bytes of UTF-8 text. (Systems may choose
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to reduce the set of legal characters to reduce syntactic problems,
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for example to remove slashes from name components, but the protocol
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has no such restriction. Plan 9 names may contain any
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printable character (that is, any character outside hexadecimal
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00-1F and 80-9F) except slash.) Messages are transported in byte
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form to allow for machine independence; <a href="../man3/fcall.html"><i>fcall</i>(3)</a> describes routines
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that convert to and from this form into a machine-dependent C
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structure.<br>
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</table>
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<p><font size=+1><b>MESSAGES </b></font><br>
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tversion</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>msize</i>[4] <i>version</i>[<i>s</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rversion</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>msize</i>[4] <i>version</i>[<i>s</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tauth</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>afid</i>[4] <i>uname</i>[<i>s</i>] <i>aname</i>[<i>s</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rauth</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>aqid</i>[13]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rerror</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>ename</i>[<i>s</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tflush</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>oldtag</i>[2]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rflush</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tattach</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>afid</i>[4] <i>uname</i>[<i>s</i>] <i>aname</i>[<i>s</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rattach</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>qid</i>[13]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Twalk</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>newfid</i>[4] <i>nwname</i>[2] <i>nwname</i>*(<i>wname</i>[<i>s</i>])<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rwalk</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>nwqid</i>[2] <i>nwqid</i>*(<i>wqid</i>[13])<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Topen</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>mode</i>[1]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Ropen</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>qid</i>[13] <i>iounit</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Topenfd</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>mode</i>[1]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Ropenfd</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>qid</i>[13] <i>iounit</i>[4] <i>unixfd</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tcreate</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>name</i>[<i>s</i>] <i>perm</i>[4] <i>mode</i>[1]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rcreate</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>qid</i>[13] <i>iounit</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tread</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>offset</i>[8] <i>count</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rread</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>count</i>[4] <i>data</i>[<i>count</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Twrite</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>offset</i>[8] <i>count</i>[4] <i>data</i>[<i>count</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rwrite</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>count</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tclunk</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rclunk</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tremove</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rremove</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Tstat</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rstat</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>stat</i>[<i>n</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Twstat</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2] <i>fid</i>[4] <i>stat</i>[<i>n</i>]<br>
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<i>size</i>[4] <tt><font size=+1>Rwstat</font></tt> <i>tag</i>[2]
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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</table>
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Each T-message has a <i>tag</i> field, chosen and used by the client
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to identify the message. The reply to the message will have the
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same tag. Clients must arrange that no two outstanding messages
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on the same connection have the same tag. An exception is the
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tag <tt><font size=+1>NOTAG</font></tt>, defined as <tt><font size=+1>(ushort)~0</font></tt> in <tt><font size=+1><fcall.h></font></tt>: the
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client can use it, when establishing a connection, to override
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tag matching in <tt><font size=+1>version</font></tt> messages.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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The type of an R-message will either be one greater than the type
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of the corresponding T-message or <tt><font size=+1>Rerror</font></tt>, indicating that the
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request failed. In the latter case, the <i>ename</i> field contains a
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string describing the reason for failure.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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The <tt><font size=+1>version</font></tt> message identifies the version of the protocol and
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indicates the maximum message size the system is prepared to handle.
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It also initializes the connection and aborts all outstanding
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I/O on the connection. The set of messages between <tt><font size=+1>version</font></tt> requests
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is called a <i>session</i>.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Most T-messages contain a <i>fid</i>, a 32-bit unsigned integer that
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the client uses to identify a “current file” on the server. Fids
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are somewhat like file descriptors in a user process, but they
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are not restricted to files open for I/O: directories being examined,
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files being accessed by <a href="../man3/stat.html"><i>stat</i>(3)</a> calls, and so on -- all files being
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manipulated by the operating system -- are identified by fids. Fids
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are chosen by the client. All requests on a connection share the
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same fid space; when several clients share a connection, the agent
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managing the sharing must arrange that no two clients choose the
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same fid.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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The fid supplied in an <tt><font size=+1>attach</font></tt> message will be taken by the server
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to refer to the root of the served file tree. The <tt><font size=+1>attach</font></tt> identifies
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the user to the server and may specify a particular file tree
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served by the server (for those that supply more than one).
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Permission to attach to the service is proven by providing a special
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fid, called <tt><font size=+1>afid</font></tt>, in the <tt><font size=+1>attach</font></tt> message. This <tt><font size=+1>afid</font></tt> is established
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by exchanging <tt><font size=+1>auth</font></tt> messages and subsequently manipulated using
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<tt><font size=+1>read</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>write</font></tt> messages to exchange authentication information
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not defined explicitly by 9P. Once the
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authentication protocol is complete, the <tt><font size=+1>afid</font></tt> is presented in
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the <tt><font size=+1>attach</font></tt> to permit the user to access the service.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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A <tt><font size=+1>walk</font></tt> message causes the server to change the current file associated
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with a fid to be a file in the directory that is the old current
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file, or one of its subdirectories. <tt><font size=+1>Walk</font></tt> returns a new fid that
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refers to the resulting file. Usually, a client maintains a fid
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for the root, and navigates by <tt><font size=+1>walks</font></tt> from the root fid.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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A client can send multiple T-messages without waiting for the
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corresponding R-messages, but all outstanding T-messages must
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specify different tags. The server may delay the response to a
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request and respond to later ones; this is sometimes necessary,
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for example when the client reads from a file that the server
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synthesizes from external events such as keyboard characters.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Replies (R-messages) to <tt><font size=+1>auth</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>attach</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>walk</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>open</font></tt>, and <tt><font size=+1>create</font></tt> requests
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convey a <i>qid</i> field back to the client. The qid represents the
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server’s unique identification for the file being accessed: two
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files on the same server hierarchy are the same if and only if
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their qids are the same. (The client may have multiple
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fids pointing to a single file on a server and hence having a
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single qid.) The thirteen-byte qid fields hold a one-byte type,
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specifying whether the file is a directory, append-only file,
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etc., and two unsigned integers: first the four-byte qid <i>version</i>,
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then the eight-byte qid <i>path</i>. The path is an integer unique among
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all files
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in the hierarchy. If a file is deleted and recreated with the
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same name in the same directory, the old and new path components
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of the qids should be different. The version is a version number
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for a file; typically, it is incremented every time the file is
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modified.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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An existing file can be <tt><font size=+1>opened</font></tt>, or a new file may be <tt><font size=+1>created</font></tt> in
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the current (directory) file. I/O of a given number of bytes at
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a given offset on an open file is done by <tt><font size=+1>read</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>write</font></tt>.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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A client should <tt><font size=+1>clunk</font></tt> any fid that is no longer needed. The <tt><font size=+1>remove</font></tt>
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transaction deletes files.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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<tt><font size=+1>Openfd</font></tt> is an extension used by Unix utilities to allow traditional
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Unix programs to have their input or output attached to fids on
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9P servers. See <i>openfd</i>(9p) and <a href="../man3/9pclient.html"><i>9pclient</i>(3)</a> for details.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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The <tt><font size=+1>stat</font></tt> transaction retrieves information about the file. The
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<i>stat</i> field in the reply includes the file’s name, access permissions
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(read, write and execute for owner, group and public), access
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and modification times, and owner and group identifications (see
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<a href="../man3/stat.html"><i>stat</i>(3)</a>). The owner and group identifications are textual
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names. The <tt><font size=+1>wstat</font></tt> transaction allows some of a file’s properties
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to be changed.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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A request can be aborted with a flush request. When a server receives
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a <tt><font size=+1>Tflush</font></tt>, it should not reply to the message with tag <i>oldtag</i> (unless
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it has already replied), and it should immediately send an <tt><font size=+1>Rflush</font></tt>.
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The client must wait until it gets the <tt><font size=+1>Rflush</font></tt> (even if the reply
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to the original message arrives in the interim),
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at which point <i>oldtag</i> may be reused.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Because the message size is negotiable and some elements of the
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protocol are variable length, it is possible (although unlikely)
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to have a situation where a valid message is too large to fit
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within the negotiated size. For example, a very long file name
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may cause a <tt><font size=+1>Rstat</font></tt> of the file or <tt><font size=+1>Rread</font></tt> of its directory entry
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to be
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too large to send. In most such cases, the server should generate
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an error rather than modify the data to fit, such as by truncating
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the file name. The exception is that a long error string in an
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<tt><font size=+1>Rerror</font></tt> message should be truncated if necessary, since the string
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is only advisory and in some sense arbitrary.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Most programs do not see the 9P protocol directly; on Plan 9,
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calls to library routines that access files are translated by
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the kernel’s mount driver into 9P messages.<br>
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<p><font size=+1><b>Unix </b></font><br>
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On Unix, 9P services are posted as Unix domain sockets in a well-known
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directory (see <a href="../man3/getns.html"><i>getns</i>(3)</a> and <a href="../man4/9pserve.html"><i>9pserve</i>(4)</a>). Clients connect to these
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servers using a 9P client library (see <a href="../man3/9pclient.html"><i>9pclient</i>(3)</a>).<br>
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</table>
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<p><font size=+1><b>DIRECTORIES </b></font><br>
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
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Directories are created by <tt><font size=+1>create</font></tt> with <tt><font size=+1>DMDIR</font></tt> set in the permissions
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argument (see <i>stat</i>(9P)). The members of a directory can be found
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with <i>read</i>(9P). All directories must support <tt><font size=+1>walks</font></tt> to the directory
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<tt><font size=+1>..</font></tt> (dot-dot) meaning parent directory, although by convention
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directories contain no explicit entry for <tt><font size=+1>..</font></tt> or <tt><font size=+1>.
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</font></tt>(dot). The parent of the root directory of a server’s tree is
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itself.<br>
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</table>
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<p><font size=+1><b>ACCESS PERMISSIONS </b></font><br>
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
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This section describes the access permission conventions implemented
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by most Plan 9 file servers. These conventions are not enforced
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by the protocol and may differ between servers, especially servers
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built on top of foreign operating systems.
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Each file server maintains a set of user and group names. Each
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user can be a member of any number of groups. Each group has a
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<i>group leader</i> who has special privileges (see <i>stat</i>(9P) and Plan
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9’s <i>users</i>(6)). Every file request has an implicit user id (copied
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from the original <tt><font size=+1>attach</font></tt>) and an implicit set of groups (every
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group of which the user is a member).
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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Each file has an associated <i>owner</i> and <i>group</i> id and three sets
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of permissions: those of the owner, those of the group, and those
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of “other” users. When the owner attempts to do something to a
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file, the owner, group, and other permissions are consulted, and
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|
if any of them grant the requested permission, the
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|
operation is allowed. For someone who is not the owner, but is
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|
a member of the file’s group, the group and other permissions
|
|
are consulted. For everyone else, the other permissions are used.
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Each set of permissions says whether reading is allowed, whether
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|
writing is allowed, and whether executing is allowed. A
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<tt><font size=+1>walk</font></tt> in a directory is regarded as executing the directory, not
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|
reading it. Permissions are kept in the low-order bits of the
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|
file <i>mode</i>: owner read/write/execute permission represented as
|
|
1 in bits 8, 7, and 6 respectively (using 0 to number the low
|
|
order). The group permissions are in bits 5, 4, and 3, and the
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|
other
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|
permissions are in bits 2, 1, and 0.
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|
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
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|
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The file <i>mode</i> contains some additional attributes besides the
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|
permissions. If bit 31 (<tt><font size=+1>DMDIR</font></tt>) is set, the file is a directory;
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|
if bit 30 (<tt><font size=+1>DMAPPEND</font></tt>) is set, the file is append-only (offset is
|
|
ignored in writes); if bit 29 (<tt><font size=+1>DMEXCL</font></tt>) is set, the file is exclusive-use
|
|
(only one client may have it open at a time); if bit 27 (<tt><font size=+1>DMAUTH</font></tt>)
|
|
is
|
|
set, the file is an authentication file established by <tt><font size=+1>auth</font></tt> messages;
|
|
if bit 26 (<tt><font size=+1>DMTMP</font></tt>) is set, the contents of the file (or directory)
|
|
are not included in nightly archives. (Bit 28 is skipped for historical
|
|
reasons.) These bits are reproduced, from the top bit down, in
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|
the type byte of the Qid: <tt><font size=+1>QTDIR</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>QTAPPEND</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>QTEXCL</font></tt>,
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|
(skipping one bit) <tt><font size=+1>QTAUTH</font></tt>, and <tt><font size=+1>QTTMP</font></tt>. The name <tt><font size=+1>QTFILE</font></tt>, defined
|
|
to be zero, identifies the value of the type for a plain file.<br>
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|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<td width=20>
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|
<tr height=20><td>
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|
</table>
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|
<!-- TRAILER -->
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|
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%>
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<tr height=15><td width=10><td><td width=10>
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<tr><td><td>
|
|
<center>
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|
<a href="../../"><img src="../../dist/spaceglenda100.png" alt="Space Glenda" border=1></a>
|
|
</center>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<!-- TRAILER -->
|
|
</body></html>
|