tmac: rename IM (italic manual) to MR (manual reference)
Suggested by G. Brandon Robinson.
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286 changed files with 1591 additions and 1588 deletions
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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ automatically, so it is rarely necessary to tell the loader
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which
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libraries a program needs;
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see
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.IM 9c (1) .
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.MR 9c (1) .
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.PP
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The library to which a function belongs is defined by the
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header file that defines its interface.
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@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ and
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plus macros that define the layout of
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.IR jmp_buf
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(see
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.IM setjmp (3) );
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.MR setjmp (3) );
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.\" definitions of the bits in the floating-point control register
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.\" as used by
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.\" .IR getfcr (2);
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@ -198,27 +198,27 @@ by
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or
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.I create
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(see
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.IM open (3) ).
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.MR open (3) ).
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These calls return an integer called a
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.IR "file descriptor"
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which identifies the file
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to subsequent I/O calls,
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notably
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.IM read (3)
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.MR read (3)
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and
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.IR write .
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The system allocates the numbers by selecting the lowest unused descriptor.
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They are allocated dynamically; there is no visible limit to the number of file
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descriptors a process may have open.
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They may be reassigned using
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.IM dup (3) .
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.MR dup (3) .
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File descriptors are indices into a
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kernel resident
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.IR "file descriptor table" .
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Each process has an associated file descriptor table.
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In threaded programs
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(see
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.IM thread (3) ),
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.MR thread (3) ),
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the file descriptor table is shared by all the procs.
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.PP
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By convention,
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@ -236,22 +236,22 @@ Files are normally read or written in sequential order.
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The I/O position in the file is called the
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.IR "file offset"
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and may be set arbitrarily using the
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.IM seek (3)
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.MR seek (3)
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system call.
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.PP
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Directories may be opened like regular files.
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Instead of reading them with
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.IM read (3) ,
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.MR read (3) ,
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use the
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.B Dir
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structure-based
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routines described in
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.IM dirread (3) .
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.MR dirread (3) .
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The entry
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corresponding to an arbitrary file can be retrieved by
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.IR dirstat
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(see
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.IM stat (3) )
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.MR stat (3) )
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or
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.IR dirfstat ;
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.I dirwstat
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@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ write back entries, thus changing the properties of a file.
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New files are made with
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.I create
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(see
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.IM open (3) )
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.MR open (3) )
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and deleted with
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.IM remove (3) .
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.MR remove (3) .
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Directories may not directly be written;
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.IR create ,
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.IR remove ,
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@ -273,27 +273,27 @@ and
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.I fwstat
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alter them.
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.PP
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.IM Pipe (3)
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.MR Pipe (3)
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creates a connected pair of file descriptors,
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useful for bidirectional local communication.
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.SS "Process execution and control"
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A new process is created
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when an existing one calls
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.IM fork (2) .
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.MR fork (2) .
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The new (child) process starts out with
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copies of the address space and most other attributes
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of the old (parent) process.
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In particular,
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the child starts out running
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the same program as the parent;
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.IM exec (3)
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.MR exec (3)
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will bring in a different one.
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.PP
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Each process has a unique integer process id;
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a set of open files, indexed by file descriptor;
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and a current working directory
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(changed by
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.IM chdir (2) ).
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.MR chdir (2) ).
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.PP
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Each process has a set of attributes \(em memory, open files,
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name space, etc. \(em that may be shared or unique.
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@ -302,9 +302,9 @@ Flags to
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control the sharing of these attributes.
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.PP
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A process terminates by calling
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.IM exits (3) .
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.MR exits (3) .
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A parent process may call
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.IM wait (3)
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.MR wait (3)
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to wait for some child to terminate.
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A bit of status information
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may be passed from
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@ -317,14 +317,14 @@ The Plan 9 interface persists here, although the functionality does not.
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Instead, empty strings are converted to exit status 0 and non-empty strings to 1.
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.PP
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A process can go to sleep for a specified time by calling
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.IM sleep (3) .
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.MR sleep (3) .
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.PP
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There is a
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.I notification
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mechanism for telling a process about events such as address faults,
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floating point faults, and messages from other processes.
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A process uses
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.IM notify (3)
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.MR notify (3)
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to register the function to be called (the
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.IR "notification handler" )
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when such events occur.
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@ -334,12 +334,12 @@ the main C library works properly in multiprocess programs;
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.IR malloc ,
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.IR print ,
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and the other routines use locks (see
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.IM lock (3) )
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.MR lock (3) )
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to synchronize access to their data structures.
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The graphics library defined in
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.B <draw.h>
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is also multi-process capable; details are in
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.IM graphics (3) .
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.MR graphics (3) .
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In general, though, multiprocess programs should use some form of synchronization
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to protect shared data.
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.PP
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@ -365,12 +365,12 @@ Therefore, a program that shouldn't block unexpectedly will use a process
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to serve the I/O request, passing the result to the main processes
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over a channel when the request completes.
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For examples of this design, see
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.IM ioproc (3)
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.MR ioproc (3)
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or
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.IM mouse (3) .
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.MR mouse (3) .
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.SH SEE ALSO
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.IR nm (1),
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.IM 9c (1)
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.MR 9c (1)
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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Math functions in
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.I libc
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@ -378,14 +378,14 @@ return
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special values when the function is undefined for the
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given arguments or when the value is not representable
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(see
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.IM nan (3) ).
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.MR nan (3) ).
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.PP
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Some of the functions in
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.I libc
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are system calls and many others employ system calls in their implementation.
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All system calls return integers,
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with \-1 indicating that an error occurred;
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.IM errstr (3)
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.MR errstr (3)
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recovers a string describing the error.
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Some user-level library functions also use the
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.I errstr
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