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104
man/man1/9nm.1 Normal file
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.TH NM 1
.SH NAME
nm \- name list (symbol table)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B nm
[
.B -aghnsu
]
.I file ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Nm
prints the name list of each executable or object
.I file
in the argument list.
If the
.I file
is an archive
(see
.IR ar (1)),
the name list of each file in the archive is printed.
If more than one file is given in the argument list,
the name of each file is printed at the beginning of each line.
.PP
Each symbol name is preceded by its hexadecimal
value (blanks if undefined)
and one of the letters
.TP
.B T
text segment symbol
.PD0
.TP
.B t
static text segment symbol
.TP
.B L
leaf function text segment symbol
.TP
.B l
static leaf function text segment symbol
.TP
.B D
data segment symbol
.TP
.B d
static data segment symbol
.TP
.B B
bss segment symbol
.TP
.B b
static bss segment symbol
.TP
.B a
automatic (local) variable symbol
.TP
.B p
function parameter symbol
.TP
.B z
source file name
.TP
.B Z
source file line offset
.TP
.B f
source file name components
.PD
.PP
The output is sorted alphabetically.
.PP
Options are:
.TP
.B -a
Print all symbols; normally only user-defined text, data,
and bss segment symbols are printed.
.TP
.B -g
Print only global
.RB ( T ,
.BR L ,
.BR D ,
.BR B )
symbols.
.TP
.B -h
Do not print file name headers with output lines.
.TP
.B -n
Sort according to the address of the symbols.
.TP
.B -s
Don't sort; print in symbol-table order.
.TP
.B -u
Print only undefined symbols.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/nm.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR ar (1),
.IR 2l (1),
.IR db (1),
.IR acid (1),
.IR a.out (6)

385
man/man1/9sed.1 Normal file
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.TH SED 1
.SH NAME
sed \- stream editor
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B sed
[
.B -n
]
[
.B -g
]
[
.B -e
.I script
]
[
.B -f
.I sfile
]
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Sed
copies the named
.I files
(standard input default) to the standard output,
edited according to a script of commands.
The
.B -f
option causes the script to be taken from file
.IR sfile ;
these options accumulate.
If there is just one
.B -e
option and no
.BR -f 's,
the flag
.B -e
may be omitted.
The
.B -n
option suppresses the default output;
.B -g
causes all substitutions to be global, as if suffixed
.BR g .
.PP
A script consists of editing commands, one per line,
of the following form:
.IP
[\fIaddress\fR [\fL,\fI address\fR] ] \fIfunction\fR [\fIargument\fR ...]
.PP
In normal operation
.I sed
cyclically copies a line of input into a
.I pattern space
(unless there is something left after
a
.L D
command),
applies in sequence
all commands whose
.I addresses
select that pattern space,
and at the end of the script copies the pattern space
to the standard output (except under
.BR -n )
and deletes the pattern space.
.PP
An
.I address
is either a decimal number that counts
input lines cumulatively across files, a
.L $
that
addresses the last line of input, or a context address,
.BI / regular-expression / \f1,
in the style of
.IR regexp (6),
with the added convention that
.L \en
matches a
newline embedded in the pattern space.
.PP
A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
.PP
A command line with
one address selects each pattern space that matches the address.
.PP
A command line with
two addresses selects the inclusive range from the first
pattern space that matches the first address through
the next pattern space that matches
the second.
(If the second address is a number less than or equal
to the line number first selected, only one
line is selected.)
Thereafter the process is repeated, looking again for the
first address.
.PP
Editing commands can be applied to non-selected pattern
spaces by use of the negation function
.L !
(below).
.PP
An argument denoted
.I text
consists of one or more lines,
all but the last of which end with
.L \e
to hide the
newline.
Backslashes in text are treated like backslashes
in the replacement string of an
.L s
command,
and may be used to protect initial blanks and tabs
against the stripping that is done on
every script line.
.PP
An argument denoted
.I rfile
or
.I wfile
must terminate the command
line and must be preceded by exactly one blank.
Each
.I wfile
is created before processing begins.
There can be at most 120 distinct
.I wfile
arguments.
.TP \w'\fL!\ \fIfunction\fLXXX'u
.B a\e
.br
.ns
.TP
.I text
Append.
Place
.I text
on the output before
reading the next input line.
.TP
.BI b " label"
Branch to the
.B :
command bearing the
.IR label .
If
.I label
is empty, branch to the end of the script.
.TP
.B c\e
.br
.ns
.TP
.I text
Change.
Delete the pattern space.
With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range, place
.I text
on the output.
Start the next cycle.
.TP
.B d
Delete the pattern space.
Start the next cycle.
.TP
.B D
Delete the initial segment of the
pattern space through the first newline.
Start the next cycle.
.TP
.B g
Replace the contents of the pattern space
by the contents of the hold space.
.TP
.B G
Append the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.
.TP
.B h
Replace the contents of the hold space by the contents of the pattern space.
.TP
.B H
Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.
.ne 3
.TP
.B i\e
.br
.ns
.TP
.I text
Insert.
Place
.I text
on the standard output.
.TP
.B n
Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
Replace the pattern space with the next line of input.
.TP
.B N
Append the next line of input to the pattern space
with an embedded newline.
(The current line number changes.)
.TP
.B p
Print.
Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
.TP
.B P
Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through
the first newline to the standard output.
.TP
.B q
Quit.
Branch to the end of the script.
Do not start a new cycle.
.TP
.BI r " rfile"
Read the contents of
.IR rfile .
Place them on the output before reading
the next input line.
.TP
.B s/\fIregular-expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/\fIflags
Substitute the
.I replacement
string for instances of the
.I regular-expression
in the pattern space.
Any character may be used instead of
.LR / .
For a fuller description see
.IR regexp (6).
.I Flags
is zero or more of
.RS
.TP
.B g
Global.
Substitute for all non-overlapping instances of the
.I regular expression
rather than just the
first one.
.TP
.B p
Print the pattern space if a replacement was made.
.TP
.BI w " wfile"
Write.
Append the pattern space to
.I wfile
if a replacement
was made.
.RE
.TP
.BI t " label"
Test.
Branch to the
.L :
command bearing the
.I label
if any
substitutions have been made since the most recent
reading of an input line or execution of a
.LR t .
If
.I label
is empty, branch to the end of the script.
.TP
.B w
.I wfile
.br
Write.
Append the pattern space to
.IR wfile .
.TP
.B x
Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.
.TP
.B y/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/
Transform.
Replace all occurrences of characters in
.I string1
with the corresponding character in
.IR string2 .
The lengths of
.I
string1
and
.I string2
must be equal.
.TP
.BI ! "function"
Don't.
Apply the
.I function
(or group, if
.I function
is
.LR { )
only to lines
.I not
selected by the address(es).
.TP
.BI : " label"
This command does nothing; it bears a
.I label
for
.B b
and
.B t
commands to branch to.
.TP
.B =
Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.
.TP
.B {
Execute the following commands through a matching
.L }
only when the pattern space is selected.
.TP
.B " "
An empty command is ignored.
.ne 4
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.B sed 10q file
Print the first 10 lines of the file.
.TP
.B sed '/^$/d'
Delete empty lines from standard input.
.TP
.B sed 's/UNIX/& system/g'
Replace every instance of
.L UNIX
by
.LR "UNIX system" .
.PP
.EX
sed 's/ *$// \fRdrop trailing blanks\fP
/^$/d \fRdrop empty lines\fP
s/ */\e \fRreplace blanks by newlines\fP
/g
/^$/d' chapter*
.EE
.ns
.IP
Print the files
.BR chapter1 ,
.BR chapter2 ,
etc. one word to a line.
.PP
.EX
nroff -ms manuscript | sed '
${
/^$/p \fRif last line of file is empty, print it\fP
}
//N \fRif current line is empty, append next line\fP
/^\en$/D' \fRif two lines are empty, delete the first\fP
.EE
.ns
.IP
Delete all but one of each group of empty lines from a
formatted manuscript.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/sed.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR ed (1),
.IR grep (1),
.IR awk (1),
.IR lex (1),
.IR sam (1),
.IR regexp (6)
.br
L. E. McMahon,
`SED \(em A Non-interactive Text Editor',
Unix Research System Programmer's Manual, Volume 2.
.SH BUGS
If input is from a pipe, buffering may consume
characters beyond a line on which a
.L q
command is executed.

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.TH ACME 1
.SH NAME
acme, win, awd \- interactive text windows
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B acme
[
.B -f
.I varfont
]
[
.B -F
.I fixfont
]
[
.B -c
.I ncol
]
[
.B -b
]
[
.B -l
.I file
|
.I file
\&... ]
.LP
.B win
[
.I command
]
.LP
.B awd
[
.I label
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Acme
manages windows of text that may be edited interactively or by external programs.
The interactive interface uses the keyboard and mouse; external programs
use a set of files served by
.IR acme ;
these are discussed in
.IR acme (4).
.PP
Any named
.I files
are read into
.I acme
windows before
.I acme
accepts input.
With the
.B -l
option, the state of the entire system is loaded
from
.IR file ,
which should have been created by a
.B Dump
command (q.v.),
and subsequent
.I file
names are ignored.
Plain files display as text; directories display as columnated lists of the
names of their components, as in
.B "ls -p directory|mc
except that the names of subdirectories have a slash appended.
.PP
The
.B -f
.RB ( -F )
option sets the main font, usually variable-pitch (alternate, usually fixed-pitch);
the default is
.B /lib/font/bit/lucidasans/euro.8.font
.RB ( \&.../lucm/unicode.9.font ).
Tab intervals are set to the width of 4 (or the value of
.BR $tabstop )
numeral zeros in the appropriate font.
.PP
.SS Windows
.I Acme
windows are in two parts: a one-line
.I tag
above a multi-line
.IR body .
The body typically contains an image of a file, as in
.IR sam (1),
or the output of a
program, as in an
.IR rio (1)
window.
The tag contains a number of
blank-separated words, followed by a vertical bar character, followed by anything.
The first word is the name of the window, typically the name of the associated
file or directory, and the other words are commands available in that window.
Any text may be added after the bar; examples are strings to search for or
commands to execute in that window.
Changes to the text left of the bar will be ignored,
unless the result is to change the name of the
window.
.PP
If a window holds a directory, the name (first word of the tag) will end with
a slash.
.SS Scrolling
Each window has a scroll bar to the left of the body.
The scroll bar behaves much as in
.IR sam (1)
or
.IR rio (1)
except that scrolling occurs when the button is pressed, rather than released,
and continues
as long as the mouse button is held down in the scroll bar.
For example, to scroll slowly through a file,
hold button 3 down near the top of the scroll bar. Moving the mouse
down the scroll bar speeds up the rate of scrolling.
.SS Layout
.I Acme
windows are arranged in columns. By default, it creates two columns when starting;
this can be overridden with the
.B -c
option.
Placement is automatic but may be adjusted
using the
.I layout box
in the upper left corner of each window and column.
Pressing and holding any mouse button in the box drags
the associated window or column.
For windows, just
clicking in the layout box grows the window in place: button 1
grows it a little, button 2 grows it as much as it can, still leaving all other
tags in that column visible, and button 3 takes over the column completely,
temporarily hiding other windows in the column.
(They will return
.I en masse
if any of them needs attention.)
The layout box in a window is normally white; when it is black in the center,
it records that the file is `dirty':
.I Acme
believes it is modified from its original
contents.
.PP
Tags exist at the top of each column and across the whole display.
.I Acme
pre-loads them with useful commands.
Also, the tag across the top maintains a list of executing long-running commands.
.SS Typing
The behavior of typed text is similar to that in
.IR rio (1)
except that the characters are delivered to the tag or body under the mouse; there is no
`click to type'.
(The experimental option
.B -b
causes typing to go to the most recently clicked-at or made window.)
The usual backspacing conventions apply.
As in
.IR sam (1)
but not
.IR rio ,
the ESC key selects the text typed since the last mouse action,
a feature particularly useful when executing commands.
A side effect is that typing ESC with text already selected is identical
to a
.B Cut
command
.RI ( q.v. ).
.PP
Most text, including the names of windows, may be edited uniformly.
The only exception is that the command names to the
left of the bar in a tag are maintained automatically; changes to them are repaired
by
.IR acme .
.SS "Directory context
Each window's tag names a directory: explicitly if the window
holds a directory; implicitly if it holds a regular file
(e.g. the directory
.B /adm
if the window holds
.BR /adm/users ).
This directory provides a
.I context
for interpreting file names in that window.
For example, the string
.B users
in a window labeled
.B /adm/
or
.B /adm/keys
will be interpreted as the file name
.BR /adm/users .
The directory is defined purely textually, so it can be a non-existent
directory or a real directory associated with a non-existent file
(e.g.
.BR /adm/not-a-file ).
File names beginning with a slash
are assumed to be absolute file names.
.SS Errors
Windows whose names begin with
.B -
or
.B +
conventionally hold diagnostics and other data
not directly associated with files.
A window labeled
.B +Errors
receives all diagnostics produced by
.I acme
itself.
Diagnostics from commands run by
.I acme
appear in a window named
.IB directory /+Errors
where
.I directory
is identified by the context of the command.
These error windows are created when needed.
.SS "Mouse button 1
Mouse button 1 selects text just as in
.IR sam (1)
or
.IR rio (1) ,
including the usual double-clicking conventions.
.SS "Mouse button 2
By an
action similar to selecting text with button 1,
button 2 indicates text to execute as a command.
If the indicated text has multiple white-space-separated words,
the first is the command name and the second and subsequent
are its arguments.
If button 2 is `clicked'\(emindicates a null string\(em\c
.I acme
.I expands
the indicated text to find a command to run:
if the click is within button-1-selected text,
.I acme
takes that selection as the command;
otherwise it takes the largest string of valid file name characters containing the click.
Valid file name characters are alphanumerics and
.B _
.B .
.B -
.B +
.BR / .
This behavior is similar to double-clicking with button 1 but,
because a null command is meaningless, only a single click is required.
.PP
Some commands, all by convention starting with a capital letter, are
.I built-ins
that are executed directly by
.IR acme :
.TP
.B Cut
Delete most recently selected text and place in snarf buffer.
.TP
.B Del
Delete window. If window is dirty, instead print a warning; a second
.B Del
will succeed.
.TP
.B Delcol
Delete column and all its windows, after checking that windows are not dirty.
.TP
.B Delete
Delete window without checking for dirtiness.
.TP
.B Dump
Write the state of
.I acme
to the file name, if specified, or
.B $home/acme.dump
by default.
.TP
.B Edit
Treat the argument as a text editing command in the style of
.IR sam (1).
The full
.B Sam
language is implemented except for the commands
.BR k ,
.BR n ,
.BR q ,
and
.BR ! .
The
.B =
command is slightly different: it includes the file name and
gives only the line address unless the command is explicitly
.BR =# .
The `current window' for the command is the body of the window in which the
.B Edit
command is executed.
Usually the
.B Edit
command would be typed in a tag; longer commands may be prepared in a
scratch window and executed, with
.B Edit
itself in the current window, using the 2-1 chord described below.
.TP
.B Exit
Exit
.I acme
after checking that windows are not dirty.
.TP
.B Font
With no arguments, change the font of the associated window from fixed-spaced to
proportional-spaced or
.I vice
.IR versa .
Given a file name argument, change the font of the window to that stored in the named file.
If the file name argument is prefixed by
.B var
.RB ( fix ),
also set the default proportional-spaced (fixed-spaced) font for future use to that font.
Other existing windows are unaffected.
.TP
.B Get
Load file into window, replacing previous contents (after checking for dirtiness as in
.BR Del ).
With no argument, use the existing file name of the window.
Given an argument, use that file but do not change the window's file name.
.TP
.B ID
Print window ID number
.RI ( q.v. ).
.TP
.B Incl
When opening `include' files
(those enclosed in
.BR <> )
with button 3,
.I acme
searches in directories
.B /$objtype/include
and
.BR /sys/include .
.B Incl
adds its arguments to a supplementary list of include directories, analogous to
the
.B -I
option to the compilers.
This list is per-window and is inherited when windows are created by actions in that window, so
.I Incl
is most usefully applied to a directory containing relevant source.
With no arguments,
.I Incl
prints the supplementary list.
This command is largely superseded by plumbing
(see
.IR plumb (6)).
.TP
.B Kill
Send a
.B kill
note to
.IR acme -initiated
commands named as arguments.
.TP
.B Local
When prefixed to a command
run the
command in the same file name space and environment variable group as
.IR acme .
The environment of the command
is restricted but is sufficient to run
.IR bind (1),
.IR 9fs
(see
.IR srv (4)),
.IR import (4),
etc.,
and to set environment variables such as
.BR $objtype .
.TP
.B Load
Restore the state of
.I acme
from a file (default
.BR $home/acme.dump )
created by the
.B Dump
command.
.TP
.B Look
Search in body for occurrence of literal text indicated by the argument or,
if none is given, by the selected text in the body.
.TP
.B New
Make new window. With arguments, load the named files into windows.
.TP
.B Newcol
Make new column.
.TP
.B Paste
Replace most recently selected text with contents of snarf buffer.
.TP
.B Put
Write window to the named file.
With no argument, write to the file named in the tag of the window.
.TP
.B Putall
Write all dirty windows whose names indicate existing regular files.
.TP
.B Redo
Complement of
.BR Undo .
.TP
.B Send
Append selected text or snarf buffer to end of body; used mainly with
.IR win .
.TP
.B Snarf
Place selected text in snarf buffer.
.TP
.B Sort
Arrange the windows in the column from top to bottom in lexicographical
order based on their names.
.TP
.B Tab
Set the width of tab stops for this window to the value of the argument, in units of widths of the zero
character.
With no arguments, it prints the current value.
.TP
.B Undo
Undo last textual change or set of changes.
.TP
.B Zerox
Create a copy of the window containing most recently selected text.
.PP
A common place to store text for commands is in the tag; in fact
.I acme
maintains a set of commands appropriate to the state of the window
to the left of the bar in the tag.
.PP
If the text indicated with button 2 is not a recognized built-in, it is executed as
a shell command. For example, indicating
.B date
with button 2 runs
.IR date (1).
The standard
and error outputs of commands are sent to the error window associated with
the directory from which the command was run, which will be created if
necessary.
For example, in a window
.B /adm/users
executing
.B pwd
will produce the output
.B /adm
in a (possibly newly-created) window labeled
.BR /adm/+Errors ;
in a window containing
.B /sys/src/cmd/sam/sam.c
executing
.B mk
will run
.IR mk (1)
in
.BR /sys/src/cmd/sam ,
producing output in a window labeled
.BR /sys/src/cmd/sam/+Errors .
The environment of such commands contains the variable
.B $%
with value set to the filename of the window in which the command is run.
.SS "Mouse button 3
Pointing at text with button 3 instructs
.I acme
to locate or acquire the file, string, etc. described by the indicated text and
its context.
This description follows the actions taken when
button 3 is released after sweeping out some text.
In the description,
.I text
refers to the text of the original sweep or, if it was null, the result of
applying the same expansion rules that apply to button 2 actions.
.PP
If the text names an existing window,
.I acme
moves the mouse cursor to the selected text in the body of that window.
If the text names an existing file with no associated window,
.I acme
loads the file into a new window and moves the mouse there.
If the text is a file name contained in angle brackets,
.I acme
loads the indicated include file from the directory appropriate to the
suffix of the file name of the window holding the text.
(The
.B Incl
command adds directories to the standard list.)
.PP
If the text begins with a colon, it is taken to be an address, in
the style of
.IR sam (1),
within the body of the window containing the text.
The address is evaluated, the resulting text highlighted, and the mouse moved to it.
Thus, in
.IR acme ,
one must type
.B :/regexp
or
.B :127
not just
.B /regexp
or
.BR 127 .
(There is an easier way to locate literal text; see below.)
.PP
If the text is a file name followed by a colon and an address,
.I acme
loads the file and evaluates the address. For example, clicking button 3 anywhere
in the text
.B file.c:27
will open
.BR file.c ,
select line
27, and put the mouse at the beginning of the line. The rules about Error
files, directories, and so on all combine to make this an efficient way to
investigate errors from compilers, etc.
.PP
If the text is not an address or file, it is taken to
be literal text, which is then searched for in the body of the window
in which button 3 was clicked. If a match is found, it is selected and the mouse is
moved there. Thus, to search for occurrences of a word in a file,
just click button 3 on the word. Because of the rule of using the
selection as the button 3 action, subsequent clicks will find subsequent
occurrences without moving the mouse.
.PP
In all these actions, the mouse motion is not done if the text is a null string
within a non-null selected string in the tag, so that (for example) complex regular expressions
may be selected and applied repeatedly to the
body by just clicking button 3 over them.
.SS "Chords of mouse buttons
Several operations are bound to multiple-button actions.
After selecting text, with button 1 still down, pressing button 2
executes
.B Cut
and button 3 executes
.BR Paste .
After clicking one button, the other undoes
the first; thus (while holding down button 1) 2 followed by 3 is a
.B Snarf
that leaves the file undirtied;
3 followed by 2 is a no-op.
These actions also apply to text selected by double-clicking because
the double-click expansion is made when the second
click starts, not when it ends.
.PP
Commands may be given extra arguments by a mouse chord with buttons 2 and 1.
While holding down button 2 on text to be executed as a command, clicking button 1
appends the text last pointed to by button 1 as a distinct final argument.
For example, to search for literal
.B text
one may execute
.B Look text
with button 2 or instead point at
.B text
with button 1 in any window, release button 1,
then execute
.BR Look ,
clicking button 1 while 2 is held down.
.PP
When an external command (e.g.
.IR echo (1))
is executed this way, the extra argument is passed as expected and an
environment variable
.B $acmeaddr
is created that holds, in the form interpreted by button 3,
the fully-qualified address of the extra argument.
.SS "Support programs
.I Win
creates a new
.I acme
window and runs a
.I command
(default
.BR /bin/rc )
in it, turning the window into something analogous to an
.IR rio (1)
window.
Executing text in a
.I win
window with button
2 is similar to using
.BR Send .
.PP
.I Awd
loads the tag line of its window with the directory in which it's running, suffixed
.BI - label
(default
.BR rc );
it is
intended to be executed by a
.B cd
function for use in
.I win
windows. An example definition is
.EX
fn cd { builtin cd $1 && awd $sysname }
.EE
.SS "Applications and guide files
In the directory
.B /acme
live several subdirectories, each corresponding to a program or
set of related programs that employ
.I acme's
user interface.
Each subdirectory includes source, binaries, and a
.B readme
file for further information.
It also includes a
.BR guide ,
a text file holding sample commands to invoke the programs.
The idea is to find an example in the guide that best matches
the job at hand, edit it to suit, and execute it.
.PP
Whenever a command is executed by
.IR acme ,
the default search path includes the directory of the window containing
the command and its subdirectory
.BR $cputype .
The program directories in
.B /acme
contain appropriately labeled subdirectories of binaries,
so commands named
in the guide files will be found automatically when run.
Also,
.I acme
binds the directories
.B /acme/bin
and
.B /acme/bin/$cputype
to the end of
.B /bin
when it starts; this is where
.IR acme -specific
programs such as
.I win
and
.I awd
reside.
.SH FILES
.TF $home/acme.dump
.TP
.B $home/acme.dump
default file for
.B Dump
and
.BR Load ;
also where state is written if
.I acme
dies or is killed unexpectedly, e.g. by deleting its window.
.TP
.B /acme/*/guide
template files for applications
.TP
.B /acme/*/readme
informal documentation for applications
.TP
.B /acme/*/src
source for applications
.TP
.B /acme/*/mips
MIPS-specific binaries for applications
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/acme
.br
.B /acme/bin/source/win
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/awd.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR acme (4)
.br
Rob Pike,
.I
Acme: A User Interface for Programmers.
.SH BUGS
With the
.B -l
option or
.B Load
command,
the recreation of windows under control of external programs
such as
.I win
is just to rerun the command; information may be lost.

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.TH ASCII 1
.SH NAME
ascii, unicode \- interpret ASCII, Unicode characters
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ascii
[
.B -8
]
[
.BI -oxdb n
]
[
.B -nct
]
[
.I text
]
.PP
.B unicode
[
.B -nt
]
.IB hexmin - hexmax
.PP
.B unicode
[
.B -t
]
.I hex
[
\&...
]
.PP
.B unicode
[
.B -n
]
.I characters
.PP
.B look
.I hex
.B /lib/unicode
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Ascii
prints the
.SM ASCII
values corresponding to characters and
.I vice
.IR versa ;
under the
.B -8
option, the
.SM ISO
Latin-1 extensions (codes 0200-0377) are included.
The values are interpreted in a settable numeric base;
.B -o
specifies octal,
.B -d
decimal,
.B -x
hexadecimal (the default), and
.BI -b n
base
.IR n .
.PP
With no arguments,
.I ascii
prints a table of the character set in the specified base.
Characters of
.I text
are converted to their
.SM ASCII
values, one per line. If, however, the first
.I text
argument is a valid number in the specified base, conversion
goes the opposite way.
Control characters are printed as two- or three-character mnemonics.
Other options are:
.TP
.B -n
Force numeric output.
.TP
.B -c
Force character output.
.TP
.B -t
Convert from numbers to running text; do not interpret
control characters or insert newlines.
.PP
.I Unicode
is similar; it converts between
.SM UTF
and character values from the Unicode Standard (see
.IR utf (6)).
If given a range of hexadecimal numbers,
.I unicode
prints a table of the specified Unicode characters \(em their values and
.SM UTF
representations.
Otherwise it translates from
.SM UTF
to numeric value or vice versa,
depending on the appearance of the supplied text;
the
.B -n
option forces numeric output to avoid ambiguity with numeric characters.
If converting to
.SM UTF ,
the characters are printed one per line unless the
.B -t
flag is set, in which case the output is a single string
containing only the specified characters.
Unlike
.IR ascii ,
.I unicode
treats no characters specially.
.PP
The output of
.I ascii
and
.I unicode
may be unhelpful if the characters printed are not available in the current font.
.PP
The file
.B /lib/unicode
contains a
table of characters and descriptions, sorted in hexadecimal order,
suitable for
.IR look (1)
on the lower case
.I hex
values of characters.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.B "ascii -d"
Print the
.SM ASCII
table base 10.
.TP
.B "unicode p"
Print the hex value of `p'.
.TP
.B "unicode 2200-22f1"
Print a table of miscellaneous mathematical symbols.
.TP
.B "look 039 /lib/unicode"
See the start of the Greek alphabet's encoding in the Unicode Standard.
.SH FILES
.TF /lib/unicode
.TP
.B /lib/unicode
table of characters and descriptions.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/ascii.c
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/unicode.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR look (1)
.IR tcs (1),
.IR utf (6),
.IR font (6)

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.TH BASENAME 1
.SH NAME
basename \- strip file name affixes
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B basename
[
.B -d
]
.I string
[
.I suffix
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
.I Basename
deletes any prefix ending in slash
.RB ( / )
and the
.IR suffix ,
if present in
.IR string ,
from
.IR string ,
and prints the result on the standard output.
.PP
The
.B -d
option instead prints the directory component,
that is,
.I string
up to but not including the final slash.
If the string contains no slash,
a period and newline are printed.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/basename.c

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.TH CAL 1
.SH NAME
cal \- print calendar
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B cal
[
.I month
]
[
.I year
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Cal
prints a calendar.
.I Month
is either a number from 1 to 12,
a lower case month name,
or a lower case three-letter prefix of a month name.
.I Year
can be between 1
and 9999.
If either
.I month
or
.I year
is omitted, the current month or year is used.
If only one argument is given, and it is a number larger than 12,
a calendar for all twelve months of the given year is produced;
otherwise a calendar for just one month is printed.
The calendar
produced is that for England and her colonies.
.PP
Try
.EX
cal sep 1752
.EE
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/cal.c
.SH BUGS
The year is always considered to start in January even though this
is historically naive.
.br
Beware that
.L "cal 90"
refers to the early Christian era,
not the 20th century.

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.TH CALENDAR 1
.SH NAME
calendar \- print upcoming events
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B calendar
[
.B \-y
]
[
.B \-p days
]
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Calendar
reads the named files, default
.BR /usr/$user/lib/calendar ,
and writes to standard output any lines
containing today's or tomorrow's date.
Examples of recognized date formats are
"4/11",
"April 11",
"Apr 11",
"11 April",
and
"11 Apr".
All comparisons are case insensitive.
.PP
If the
.B \-y
flag is given, an attempt is made to match on year too. In this case,
dates of the forms listed above will be accepted if they are followed
by the current year (or last two digits thereof) or not a year —
digits not followed by white space or non-digits.
.PP
If the
.B \-p
flag is given, its argument is the number of days ahead to match
dates. This flag is not repeatable, and it performs no special
processing at the end of the week.
.PP
On Friday and Saturday, events through Monday are printed.
.PP
To have your calendar mailed to you every day, use
.IR cron (8).
.SH FILES
.TF /usr/$user/lib/calendar
.TP
.B /usr/$user/lib/calendar
personal calendar
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/calendar.c

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.TH CAT 1
.SH NAME
cat, read \- catenate files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B cat
[
.I file ...
]
.br
.B read
[
.B -m
] [
.B -n
.I nline
] [
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Cat
reads each
.I file
in sequence and writes it on the standard output.
Thus
.IP
.L
cat file
.LP
prints a file and
.IP
.L
cat file1 file2 >file3
.LP
concatenates the first two files and places the result
on the third.
.PP
If no
.I file
is given,
.I cat
reads from the standard input.
Output is buffered in blocks matching the input.
.PP
.I Read
copies to standard output exactly one line from the named
.IR file ,
default standard input.
It is useful in interactive
.IR rc (1)
scripts.
.PP
The
.B -m
flag causes it to continue reading and writing multiple lines until end of file;
.B -n
causes it to read no more than
.I nline
lines.
.PP
Read always executes a single
.B write
for each line of input, which can be helpful when
preparing input to programs that expect line-at-a-time data.
It never reads any more data from the input than it prints to the output.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/cat.c
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/read.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR cp (1)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.I Read
exits with status
.B eof
on end of file or, in the
.B -n
case, if it doesn't read
.I nlines
lines.
.SH BUGS
Beware of
.L "cat a b >a"
and
.LR "cat a b >b" ,
which
destroy input files before reading them.

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.TH CLEANNAME 1
.SH NAME
cleanname \- clean a path name
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B cleanname
[
.B -d
.I pwd
]
.I names ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
For each file name argument,
.IR cleanname ,
by lexical processing only,
prints the shortest equivalent string that names the same
(possibly hypothetical) file.
It eliminates multiple and trailing slashes, and it lexically
interprets
.B .
and
.B ..
directory components in the name.
If the
.B -d
option is present,
unrooted names are prefixed with
.IB pwd /
before processing.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/cleanname.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR cleanname (2).

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.TH CMP 1
.SH NAME
cmp \- compare two files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B cmp
[
.B -lsL
]
.I file1 file2
[
.I offset1
[
.I offset2
]
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
The two files are
compared.
A diagnostic results if the contents differ, otherwise
there is no output.
.PP
The options are:
.TP
.B l
Print the byte number (decimal) and the
differing bytes (hexadecimal) for each difference.
.TP
.B s
Print nothing for differing files,
but set the exit status.
.TP
.B L
Print the line number of the first differing byte.
.PP
If offsets are given,
comparison starts at the designated byte position
of the corresponding file.
Offsets that begin with
.B 0x
are hexadecimal;
with
.BR 0 ,
octal; with anything else, decimal.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/cmp.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR diff (1)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If a file is inaccessible or missing, the exit status is
.LR open .
If the files are the same, the exit status is empty (true).
If they are the same except that one is longer than the other, the exit status is
.LR EOF .
Otherwise
.I cmp
reports the position of the first disagreeing byte and the exit status is
.LR differ .

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.TH COMM 1
.CT 1 files
.SH NAME
comm \- select or reject lines common to two sorted files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B comm
[
.B -123
]
.I file1 file2
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Comm
reads
.I file1
and
.IR file2 ,
which are in lexicographical order,
and produces a three column output: lines only in
.IR file1 ;
lines only in
.IR file2 ;
and lines in both files.
The file name
.L -
means the standard input.
.PP
Flag
.LR 1 ,
.LR 2 ,
or
.LR 3
suppresses printing of the corresponding
column.
.SH EXAMPLE
.TP
.EX
comm -12 file1 file2
.EE
.IP
Print lines common to two sorted files.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/comm.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR sort (1),
.IR cmp (1),
.IR diff (1),
.IR uniq (1)

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.TH DATE 1
.SH NAME
date, clock \- date and time
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B date
[
.I option
] [
.I seconds
]
.br
.B clock
.SH DESCRIPTION
Print the date, in the format
.PP
.B
Tue Aug 16 17:03:52 CDT 1977
.PP
The options are
.TP
.B -u
Report Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) rather than local time.
.TP
.B -n
Report the date as the number of seconds since the
epoch, 00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970.
.PP
The conversion from Greenwich Mean Time to local time depends on the
.B $timezone
environment variable; see
.IR ctime (2).
.PP
If the optional argument
.I seconds
is present, it is used as the time to convert rather than
the real time.
.SH FILES
.TF /adm/timezone/local
.TP
.B /env/timezone
Current timezone name and adjustments.
.TP
.B /adm/timezone
A directory containing timezone tables.
.TP
.B /adm/timezone/local
Default timezone file, copied by
.IR init (8)
into
.BR /env/timezone .
.PD
.PP
.I Clock
draws a simple analog clock in its window.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/date.c
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/clock.c

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.TH DC 1
.SH NAME
dc \- desk calculator
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B dc
[
.I file
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Dc
is an arbitrary precision desk calculator.
Ordinarily it operates on decimal integers,
but one may specify an input base, output base,
and a number of fractional digits to be maintained.
The overall structure of
.I dc
is
a stacking (reverse Polish) calculator.
If an argument is given,
input is taken from that file until its end,
then from the standard input.
The following constructions are recognized:
.TP
number
The value of the number is pushed on the stack.
A number is an unbroken string of the digits
.B 0-9A-F
or
.BR 0-9a-f .
A hexadecimal number beginning with a lower case
letter must be preceded by a zero to distinguish it
from the command associated with the letter.
It may be preceded by an underscore
.B _
to input a
negative number.
Numbers may contain decimal points.
.TP
.L
+ - / * % ^
Add
.LR + ,
subtract
.LR - ,
multiply
.LR * ,
divide
.LR / ,
remainder
.LR % ,
or exponentiate
.L ^
the top two values on the stack.
The two entries are popped off the stack;
the result is pushed on the stack in their place.
Any fractional part of an exponent is ignored.
.TP
.BI s x
.br
.ns
.TP
.BI S x
Pop the top of the stack and store into
a register named
.IR x ,
where
.I x
may be any character.
Under operation
.B S
register
.I x
is treated as a stack and the value is pushed on it.
.TP
.BI l x
.br
.ns
.TP
.BI L x
Push the value in register
.I x
onto the stack.
The register
.I x
is not altered.
All registers start with zero value.
Under operation
.B L
register
.I x
is treated as a stack and its top value is popped onto the main stack.
.TP
.B d
Duplicate the
top value on the stack.
.TP
.B p
Print the top value on the stack.
The top value remains unchanged.
.B P
interprets the top of the stack as an
text
string,
removes it, and prints it.
.TP
.B f
Print the values on the stack.
.TP
.B q
.br
.ns
.TP
.B Q
Exit the program.
If executing a string, the recursion level is
popped by two.
Under operation
.B Q
the top value on the stack is popped and the string execution level is popped
by that value.
.TP
.B x
Treat the top element of the stack as a character string
and execute it as a string of
.I dc
commands.
.TP
.B X
Replace the number on the top of the stack with its scale factor.
.TP
.B "[ ... ]"
Put the bracketed
text
string on the top of the stack.
.TP
.PD0
.BI < x
.TP
.BI > x
.TP
.BI = x
.PD
Pop and compare the
top two elements of the stack.
Register
.I x
is executed if they obey the stated
relation.
.TP
.B v
Replace the top element on the stack by its square root.
Any existing fractional part of the argument is taken
into account, but otherwise the scale factor is ignored.
.TP
.B !
Interpret the rest of the line as a shell command.
.TP
.B c
Clear the stack.
.TP
.B i
The top value on the stack is popped and used as the
number base for further input.
.TP
.B I
Push the input base on the top of the stack.
.TP
.B o
The top value on the stack is popped and used as the
number base for further output.
In bases larger than 10, each `digit' prints as a group of decimal digits.
.TP
.B O
Push the output base on the top of the stack.
.TP
.B k
Pop the top of the stack, and use that value as
a non-negative scale factor:
the appropriate number of places
are printed on output,
and maintained during multiplication, division, and exponentiation.
The interaction of scale factor,
input base, and output base will be reasonable if all are changed
together.
.TP
.B z
Push the stack level onto the stack.
.TP
.B Z
Replace the number on the top of the stack with its length.
.TP
.B ?
A line of input is taken from the input source (usually the terminal)
and executed.
.TP
.B "; :"
Used by
.I bc
for array operations.
.PP
The scale factor set by
.B k
determines how many digits are kept to the right of
the decimal point.
If
.I s
is the current scale factor,
.I sa
is the scale of the first operand,
.I sb
is the scale of the second,
and
.I b
is the (integer) second operand,
results are truncated to the following scales.
.IP
.nf
\fL+\fR,\fL-\fR max(\fIsa,sb\fR)
\fL*\fR min(\fIsa\fR+\fIsb \fR, max\fR(\fIs,sa,sb\fR))
\fL/\fI s
\fL%\fR so that dividend = divisor*quotient + remainder; remainder has sign of dividend
\fL^\fR min(\fIsa\fR\(mu|\fIb\fR|, max(\fIs,sa\fR))
\fLv\fR max(\fIs,sa\fR)
.fi
.SH EXAMPLES
.EX
[la1+dsa*pla10>y]sy
0sa1
lyx
.EE
.ns
.IP
Print the first ten values of
.IR n !
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/dc.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR bc (1),
.IR hoc (1)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.I x
.LR "is unimplemented" ,
where
.I x
is an octal number: an internal error.
.br
`Out of headers'
for too many numbers being kept around.
.br
`Nesting depth'
for too many levels of nested execution.
.SH BUGS
When the input base exceeds 16,
there is no notation for digits greater than
.BR F .
.PP
Past its time.

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.TH DEROFF 1
.SH NAME
deroff, delatex \- remove formatting requests
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B deroff
[
.I option ...
]
.I file ...
.PP
.B delatex
.I file
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Deroff
reads each file in sequence
and removes all
.I nroff
and
.IR troff (1)
requests and non-text arguments, backslash constructions,
and constructs of preprocessors such as
.IR eqn (1),
.IR pic (1),
and
.IR tbl (1).
Remaining text is written on the standard output.
.I Deroff
follows files included by
.L .so
and
.L .nx
commands;
if a file has already been included, a
.L .so
for that file is ignored and a
.L .nx
terminates execution.
If no input file is given,
.I deroff
reads from standard input.
.PP
The options are
.TP
.B -w
Output a word list, one `word' (string of letters, digits, and
properly embedded ampersands and apostrophes,
beginning with a letter) per line.
Other characters are skipped.
Otherwise, the output follows the original, with the deletions mentioned above.
.TP
.B -_
Like
.BR -w ,
but consider underscores to be alphanumeric rather than punctuation.
.TP
.B -i
Ignore
.L .so
and
.L .nx
requests.
.TP
.BR -ms
.PD0
.TP
.B -mm
Remove titles, attachments, etc., as well as ordinary
.IR troff
constructs, from
.IR ms (6)
or
.I mm
documents.
.PD
.TP
.B -ml
Same as
.BR -mm ,
but remove lists as well.
.PP
.I Delatex
does for
.I tex
and
.I latex
(see
.IR tex (1))
files what
.B deroff -wi
does for
.I troff
files.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/deroff.c
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/tex/local/delatex.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR troff (1),
.IR tex (1),
.IR spell (1)
.SH BUGS
These filters are not complete interpreters of
.I troff
or
.IR tex .
For example, macro definitions containing
.L \e$
cause chaos in
.IR deroff
when the popular
.L $$
delimiters for
.I eqn
are in effect.
.br
Text inside macros is emitted at place of
definition, not place of call.

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.TH DICT 7
.SH NAME
dict \- dictionary browser
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B dict
[
.B -k
]
[
.B -d
.I dictname
]
[
.B -c
.I command
]
[
.I pattern
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Dict
is a dictionary browser.
If a
.I pattern
is given on the command line,
.I dict
prints all matching entries;
otherwise it repeatedly accepts and executes commands.
The options are
.TF -d\ \fIdictname\fP
.TP
.BI -d " dictname"
Use the given dictionary.
The default is
.BR oed ,
the second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.
A list of available dictionaries is printed by option
.BR -d? .
.TP
.BI -c " command"
Execute one command and quit.
The command syntax is described below.
.TP
.B -k
Print a pronunciation key.
.PD
.PP
Patterns are regular expressions (see
.IR regexp (6)),
with an implicit leading
.L ^
and trailing
.LR $ .
Patterns are matched against an index of headwords and variants,
to form a `match set'.
By default, both patterns and the index are folded:
upper case characters are mapped into their lower case equivalents,
and Latin accented characters are mapped into their non-accented
equivalents.
In interactive mode, there is always a `current match set'
and a `current entry' within the match set.
Commands can change either or both, as well as print the entries
or information about them.
.PP
Commands have an address followed by a command letter.
Addresses have the form:
.TF /\fIre\fP/.\fIn\fP
.TP
.BI / re /
Set the match set to all entries matching the regular expression
.IR re ,
sorted in dictionary order.
Set the current entry to the first of the match set.
.TP
.BI ! re !
Like
.BI / re /
but use exact matching, i.e., without case and accent folding.
.TP
.I n
An integer
.I n
means change the current entry to the
.IR n th
of the current match set.
.TP
.BI # n
The integer
.I n
is an absolute byte offset into the raw dictionary.
(See the
.B A
command, below.)
.TP
.IB addr +
After setting the match set and current entry according to
.IR addr ,
change the match set and current entry to be the next entry
in the dictionary (not necessarily in the match set) after
the current entry.
.TP
.IB addr -
Like
.IB addr +
but go to previous dictionary entry.
.PD
.PP
The command letters come in pairs: a lower case and the
corresponding upper case letter.
The lower case version prints something about the current
entry only, and advances the current entry to the next
in the match set (wrapping around to the beginning after
the last).
The upper case version prints something about all of the
match set and resets the current entry to the beginning of
the set.
.TF \fLa,A\fP
.TP
.BR p , P
Print the whole entry.
.TP
.BR h , H
Print only the headword(s) of the entry.
.TP
.BR a , A
Print the dictionary byte offset of the entry.
.TP
.BR r , R
Print the whole entry in raw format (without translating
special characters, etc.).
.PD
.PP
If no command letter is given for the first command,
.B H
is assumed.
After an
.BR H ,
the default command is
.BR p .
Otherwise, the default command is the previous command.
.SH FILES
.B /lib/dict/oed2
.br
.B /lib/dict/oed2index
.br
Other files in
.BR /lib .
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR regexp (6)
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/dict
.SH BUGS
A font with wide coverage of the Unicode Standard
should be used for best results.
(Try
.BR /lib/font/bit/pelm/unicode.9.font .)
.br
If the
.I pattern
doesn't begin with
a few literal characters, matching takes a long time.
.br
The dictionaries are not distributed outside Bell Labs.

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.TH DIFF 1
.SH NAME
diff \- differential file comparator
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B diff
[
.B -efmnbwr
] file1 ... file2
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Diff
tells what lines must be changed in two files to bring them
into agreement.
If one file
is a directory,
then a file in that directory with basename the same as that of
the other file is used.
If both files are directories, similarly named files in the
two directories are compared by the method of
.I diff
for text
files and
.IR cmp (1)
otherwise.
If more than two file names are given, then each argument is compared
to the last argument as above.
The
.B -r
option causes
.I diff
to process similarly named subdirectories recursively.
When processing more than one file,
.I diff
prefixes file differences with a single line
listing the two differing files, in the form of
a
.I diff
command line.
The
.B -m
flag causes this behavior even when processing single files.
.PP
The normal output contains lines of these forms:
.IP "" 5
.I n1
.B a
.I n3,n4
.br
.I n1,n2
.B d
.I n3
.br
.I n1,n2
.B c
.I n3,n4
.PP
These lines resemble
.I ed
commands to convert
.I file1
into
.IR file2 .
The numbers after the letters pertain to
.IR file2 .
In fact, by exchanging `a' for `d' and reading backward
one may ascertain equally how to convert
.I file2
into
.IR file1 .
As in
.IR ed ,
identical pairs where
.I n1
=
.I n2
or
.I n3
=
.I n4
are abbreviated as a single number.
.PP
Following each of these lines come all the lines that are
affected in the first file flagged by `<',
then all the lines that are affected in the second file
flagged by `>'.
.PP
The
.B -b
option causes
trailing blanks (spaces and tabs) to be ignored
and other strings of blanks to compare equal.
The
.B -w
option causes all white-space to be removed from input lines
before applying the difference algorithm.
.PP
The
.B -n
option prefixes each range with
.IB file : \fR
and inserts a space around the
.BR a ,
.BR c ,
and
.B d
verbs.
The
.B -e
option produces a script of
.I "a, c"
and
.I d
commands for the editor
.IR ed ,
which will recreate
.I file2
from
.IR file1 .
The
.B -f
option produces a similar script,
not useful with
.IR ed ,
in the opposite order. It may, however, be
useful as input to a stream-oriented post-processor.
.PP
Except in rare circumstances,
.I diff
finds a smallest sufficient set of file
differences.
.SH FILES
.B /tmp/diff[12]
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/diff
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR cmp (1),
.IR comm (1),
.IR ed (1)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Exit status is the empty string
for no differences,
.L some
for some,
and
.L error
for trouble.
.SH BUGS
Editing scripts produced under the
.BR -e " or"
.BR -f " option are naive about"
creating lines consisting of a single `\fB.\fR'.
.br
When running
.I diff
on directories, the notion of what is a text
file is open to debate.

26
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.TH ECHO 1
.SH NAME
echo \- print arguments
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B echo
[
.B -n
]
[
.I arg ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Echo
writes its arguments separated by blanks and terminated by
a newline on the standard output.
Option
.B -n
suppresses the newline.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/echo.c
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
If
.I echo
draws an error while writing to standard output, the exit status is
.LR "write error" .
Otherwise the exit status is empty.

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.TH ED 1
.SH NAME
ed \- text editor
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ed
[
.B -
]
[
.B -o
]
[
.I file
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Ed
is a venerable text editor.
.PP
If a
.I file
argument is given,
.I ed
simulates an
.L e
command (see below) on that file:
it is read into
.I ed's
buffer so that it can be edited.
The options are
.TP
.B -
Suppress the printing
of character counts by
.LR e ,
.LR r ,
and
.L w
commands and of the confirming
.L !
by
.L !
commands.
.TP
.B -o
(for output piping)
Write all output to the standard error file except writing by
.L w
commands.
If no
.I file
is given, make
.B /fd/1
the remembered file; see the
.L e
command below.
.PP
.I Ed
operates on a `buffer', a copy of the file it is editing;
changes made
in the buffer have no effect on the file until a
.L w
(write)
command is given.
The copy of the text being edited resides
in a temporary file called the
.IR buffer .
.PP
Commands to
.I ed
have a simple and regular structure: zero, one, or
two
.I addresses
followed by a single character
.IR command ,
possibly
followed by parameters to the command.
These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
Missing addresses are supplied by default.
.PP
In general, only one command may appear on a line.
Certain commands allow the
addition of text to the buffer.
While
.I ed
is accepting text, it is said
to be in
.I "input mode."
In this mode, no commands are recognized;
all input is merely collected.
Input mode is left by typing a period
.L .
alone at the
beginning of a line.
.PP
.I Ed
supports the
.I "regular expression"
notation described in
.IR regexp (6).
Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
lines and in one command
(see
.I s
below)
to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
If it is desired to use one of
the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
character, that character may be preceded by
.RB ` \e '.
This also applies to the character bounding the regular
expression (often
.LR / )
and to
.L \e
itself.
.PP
To understand addressing in
.I ed
it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
.I "current line."
Generally, the current line is
the last line affected by a command; however,
the exact effect on the current line
is discussed under the description of
each command.
Addresses are constructed as follows.
.TP
1.
The character
.LR . ,
customarily called `dot',
addresses the current line.
.TP
2.
The character
.L $
addresses the last line of the buffer.
.TP
3.
A decimal number
.I n
addresses the
.IR n -th
line of the buffer.
.TP
4.
.BI \'x
addresses the line marked with the name
.IR x ,
which must be a lower-case letter.
Lines are marked with the
.L k
command.
.TP
5.
A regular expression enclosed in slashes (
.LR / )
addresses
the line found by searching forward from the current line
and stopping at the first line containing a
string that matches the regular expression.
If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
buffer.
.TP
6.
A regular expression enclosed in queries
.L ?
addresses
the line found by searching backward from the current line
and stopping at the first line containing
a string that matches the regular expression.
If necessary
the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
.TP
7.
An address followed by a plus sign
.L +
or a minus sign
.L -
followed by a decimal number specifies that address plus
(resp. minus) the indicated number of lines.
The plus sign may be omitted.
.TP
8.
An address followed by
.L +
(or
.LR - )
followed by a
regular expression enclosed in slashes specifies the first
matching line following (or preceding) that address.
The search wraps around if necessary.
The
.L +
may be omitted, so
.L 0/x/
addresses the
.I first
line in the buffer with an
.LR x .
Enclosing the regular expression in
.L ?
reverses the search direction.
.TP
9.
If an address begins with
.L +
or
.L -
the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
e.g.\&
.L -5
is understood to mean
.LR .-5 .
.TP
10.
If an address ends with
.L +
or
.LR - ,
then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
As a consequence of this rule and rule 9,
the address
.L -
refers to the line before the current line.
Moreover,
trailing
.L +
and
.L -
characters
have cumulative effect, so
.L --
refers to the current
line less 2.
.TP
11.
To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
the character
.L ^
in addresses is
equivalent to
.LR - .
.PP
Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
of an address as an error.
Commands which accept one or two addresses
assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
If more addresses are given than a command requires,
the last one or two (depending on what is accepted) are used.
.PP
Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
.LR , .
They may also be separated by a semicolon
.LR ; .
In this case the current line
is set to
the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
If no address precedes a comma or semicolon, line 1 is assumed;
if no address follows, the last line of the buffer is assumed.
The second address of any two-address sequence
must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
.PP
In the following list of
.I ed
commands, the default addresses
are shown in parentheses.
The parentheses are not part of
the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
the default.
`Dot' means the current line.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.\fP\|) \|a
.br
.ns
.TP
<text>
.br
.ns
.TP
.B .
Read the given text
and append it after the addressed line.
Dot is left
on the last line input, if there
were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
Address
.L 0
is legal for this command; text is placed
at the beginning of the buffer.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|b [ +- ][\fIpagesize\fP][ pln\fR]
Browse.
Print a `page', normally 20 lines.
The optional
.L +
(default) or
.L -
specifies whether the next or previous
page is to be printed.
The optional
.I pagesize
is the number of lines in a page.
The optional
.LR p ,
.LR n ,
or
.L l
causes printing in the specified format, initially
.LR p .
Pagesize and format are remembered between
.L b
commands.
Dot is left at the last line displayed.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|c
.br
.ns
.TP
<text>
.br
.ns
.TP
.B .
Change.
Delete the addressed lines, then accept input
text to replace these lines.
Dot is left at the last line input; if there were none,
it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|d
Delete the addressed lines from the buffer.
Dot is set to the line following the last line deleted, or to
the last line of the buffer if the deleted lines had no successor.
.TP
.BI e " filename"
Edit.
Delete the entire contents of the buffer;
then read the named file into the buffer.
Dot is set to the last line of the buffer.
The number of characters read is typed.
The file name is remembered for possible use in later
.LR e ,
.LR r ,
or
.L w
commands.
If
.I filename
is missing, the remembered name is used.
.TP
.BI E " filename"
Unconditional
.LR e ;
see
.RL ` q '
below.
.TP
.BI f " filename"
Print the currently remembered file name.
If
.I filename
is given,
the currently remembered file name is first changed to
.IR filename .
.TP
.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
.PD 0
.TP
.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/
.TP
.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP
.PD
Global.
First mark every line which matches
the given
.IR regular expression .
Then for every such line, execute the
.I command list
with dot initially set to that line.
A single command or the first of multiple commands
appears on the same line with the global command.
All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must end with
.LR \e .
The
.RB \&` \&. \&'
terminating input mode for an
.LR a ,
.LR i ,
.L c
command may be omitted if it would be on the
last line of the command list.
The commands
.L g
and
.L v
are not permitted in the command list.
Any character other than space or newline may
be used instead of
.L /
to delimit the regular expression.
The second and third forms mean
.BI g/ regular\ expression /p \f1.
.TP
.RB (\| .\| ) \|i
.PD 0
.TP
<text>
.TP
.B .
Insert the given text before the addressed line.
Dot is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
at the line before the addressed line.
This command differs from the
.I a
command only in the placement of the
text.
.PD
.TP
.RB (\| .,.+1 \|) \|j
Join the addressed lines into a single line;
intermediate newlines are deleted.
Dot is left at the resulting line.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.\fP\|) \|k\fIx\fP
Mark the addressed line with name
.IR x ,
which must be a lower-case letter.
The address form
.BI \' x
then addresses this line.
.ne 2.5
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|l
List.
Print the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
a tab is printed as
.LR \et ,
a backspace as
.LR \eb ,
backslashes as
.LR \e\e ,
and non-printing characters as
a backslash, an
.LR x ,
and four hexadecimal digits.
Long lines are folded,
with the second and subsequent sub-lines indented one tab stop.
If the last character in the line is a blank,
it is followed by
.LR \en .
An
.L l
may be appended, like
.LR p ,
to any non-I/O command.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|m\fIa
Move.
Reposition the addressed lines after the line
addressed by
.IR a .
Dot is left at the last moved line.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|n
Number.
Perform
.LR p ,
prefixing each line with its line number and a tab.
An
.L n
may be appended, like
.LR p ,
to any non-I/O command.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|p
Print the addressed lines.
Dot is left at the last line printed.
A
.L p
appended to any non-I/O command causes the then current line
to be printed after the command is executed.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|P
This command is a synonym for
.LR p .
.TP
.B q
Quit the editor.
No automatic write
of a file is done.
A
.L q
or
.L e
command is considered to be in error if the buffer has
been modified since the last
.LR w ,
.LR q ,
or
.L e
command.
.TP
.B Q
Quit unconditionally.
.TP
.RB ( $ )\|r\ \fIfilename\fP
Read in the given file after the addressed line.
If no
.I filename
is given, the remembered file name is used.
The file name is remembered if there were no
remembered file name already.
If the read is successful, the number of characters
read is printed.
Dot is left at the last line read from the file.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/
.PD 0
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/g
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP
.PD
Substitute.
Search each addressed
line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
On each line in which
.I n
matches are found
.RI ( n
defaults to 1 if missing),
the
.IR n th
matched string is replaced by the replacement specified.
If the global replacement indicator
.L g
appears after the command,
all subsequent matches on the line are also replaced.
It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
Any character other than space or newline
may be used instead of
.L /
to delimit the regular expression
and the replacement.
Dot is left at the last line substituted.
The third form means
.BI s n / regular\ expression / replacement\fP/p\f1.
The second
.L /
may be omitted if the replacement is
empty.
.IP
An ampersand
.L &
appearing in the replacement
is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
The characters
.BI \e n\f1,
where
.I n
is a digit,
are replaced by the text matched by the
.IR n -th
regular subexpression
enclosed between
.L (
and
.LR ) .
When
nested parenthesized subexpressions
are present,
.I n
is determined by counting occurrences of
.L (
starting from the left.
.IP
A literal
.LR & ,
.LR / ,
.L \e
or newline may be included in a replacement
by prefixing it with
.LR \e .
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|t\|\fIa
Transfer.
Copy the addressed lines
after the line addressed by
.IR a .
Dot is left at the last line of the copy.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|u
Undo.
Restore the preceding contents
of the first addressed line (sic), which must be the last line
in which a substitution was made (double sic).
.TP
.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|v/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
This command is the same as the global command
.L g
except that the command list is executed with
dot initially set to every line
.I except
those
matching the regular expression.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|w " \fIfilename\fP"
Write the addressed lines to
the given file.
If the file does not exist,
it is created with mode 666 (readable and writable by everyone).
If no
.I filename
is given, the remembered file name, if any, is used.
The file name is remembered if there were no
remembered file name already.
Dot is unchanged.
If the write is successful, the number of characters written is
printed.
.TP
.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|W " \fIfilename\fP"
Perform
.LR w ,
but append to, instead of overwriting, any existing file contents.
.TP
.RB ( $ ) \|=
Print the line number of the addressed line.
Dot is unchanged.
.TP
.BI ! shell\ command
Send the remainder of the line after the
.L !
to
.IR rc (1)
to be interpreted as a command.
Dot is unchanged.
.TP
.RB (\| .+1 )\|<newline>
An address without a command is taken as a
.L p
command.
A terminal
.L /
may be omitted from the address.
A blank line alone is equivalent to
.LR .+1p ;
it is useful
for stepping through text.
.PP
If an interrupt signal
.SM (DEL)
is sent,
.I ed
prints a
.L ?
and returns to its command level.
.PP
When reading a file,
.I ed
discards
.SM NUL
characters
and all characters after the last newline.
.SH FILES
.B /tmp/e*
.br
.B ed.hup
\ \ work is saved here if terminal hangs up
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/ed.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR sam (1),
.IR sed (1),
.IR regexp (6)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.BI ? name
for inaccessible file;
.L ?TMP
for temporary file overflow;
.L ?
for errors in commands or other overflows.

66
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.TH FACTOR 1
.CT 1 numbers
.SH NAME
factor, primes \- factor a number, generate large primes
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B factor
[
.I number
]
.PP
.B primes
[
.I start
[
.I finish
]
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Factor
prints
.I number
and its prime factors,
each repeated the proper number of times.
The number must be positive and less than
.if n 2**54
.if t 2\u\s754\s0\d
(about
.if n 1.8e16)
.if t 1.8\(mu10\u\s716\s0\d\|).
.PP
If no
.I number
is given,
.I factor
reads a stream of numbers from the standard input and factors them.
It exits on any input not a positive integer.
Maximum running time is proportional to
.if n sqrt(n).
.if t .I \(sr\o'n\(rn'\f1.
.PP
.PP
.I Primes
prints the prime numbers ranging from
.I start
to
.IR finish ,
where
.I start
and
.I finish
are positive numbers less than
.if n 2**56.
.if t 2\u\s756\s0\d.
If
.I finish
is missing,
.I primes
prints without end;
if
.I start
is missing, it reads the starting number from the
standard input.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/factor.c
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/primes.c

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.TH FMT 1
.SH NAME
fmt, htmlfmt \- simple text formatters
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B fmt
[
.I option ...
]
[
.I file ...
]
.PP
.B htmlfmt
[
.B -a
] [
.B -c
.I charset
] [
.B -u
.I url
] [
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Fmt
copies the given
.I files
(standard input by default)
to its standard output, filling and indenting lines.
The options are
.TP
.BI -l " n
Output line length is
.IR n ,
including indent (default 70).
.TP
.BI -w " n
A synonym for
.BR -l .
.TP
.BI -i " n
Indent
.I n
spaces (default 0).
.TP
.BI -j
Do not join short lines: only fold long lines.
.PP
Empty lines and initial white space in input lines are preserved.
Empty lines are inserted between input files.
.PP
.I Fmt
is idempotent: it leaves already formatted text unchanged.
.PP
.I Htmlfmt
performs a similar service, but accepts as input text formatted with
HTML tags.
It accepts
.IR fmt 's
.B -l
and
.B -w
flags and also:
.TP
.BI -a
Normally
.I htmlfmt
suppresses the contents of form fields and anchors (URLs and image files); this flag
causes it to print them, in square brackets.
.TP
.BI -c " charset
change the default character set from iso-8859-1 to
.IR charset .
This is the character set assumed if there isn't one
specified by the html itself in a <meta> directive.
.TP
.BI -u " url
Use
.I url
as the base URL for the document when displaying anchors; sets
.BI -a .
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/fmt.c
.PP
.B /sys/src/cmd/htmlfmt
.SH BUGS
.I Htmlfmt
makes no attempt to render the two-dimensional geometry of tables;
it just treats the table entries as plain, to-be-formatted text.

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.TH FORTUNE 1
.SH NAME
fortune \- sample lines from a file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B fortune
[
.I file
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Fortune
prints a one-line aphorism chosen at random.
If a
.I file
is specified, the saying is taken from that file;
otherwise it is selected from
.BR /sys/games/lib/fortunes .
.SH FILES
.B /sys/games/lib/fortunes
.br
.B /sys/games/lib/fortunes.index
\ \ fast lookup table, maintained automatically
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/fortune.c

40
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.TH FREQ 1
.SH NAME
freq \- print histogram of character frequencies
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B freq
[
.B -dxocr
]
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Freq
reads the given files (default standard input)
and prints histograms of the character frequencies.
By default,
.I freq
counts each byte as a character;
under the
.B -r
option it instead counts
.SM UTF
sequences, that is, runes.
.PP
Each non-zero entry of the table is printed preceded by the byte value,
in decimal, octal, hex, and
Unicode
character (if printable).
If any options are given, the
.BR -d ,
.BR -x ,
.BR -o ,
.B -c
flags specify a subset of value formats: decimal, hex, octal, and
character, respectively.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/freq.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR utf (6),
.IR wc (1)

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.TH GREP 1
.SH NAME
grep \- search a file for a pattern
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B grep
[
.I option ...
]
.I pattern
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Grep\^
searches the input
.I files\^
(standard input default)
for lines that match the
.IR pattern ,
a regular expression as defined in
.IR regexp (6)
with the addition of a newline character as an alternative
(substitute for
.BR | )
with lowest precedence.
Normally, each line matching the pattern is `selected',
and each selected line is copied to the standard output.
The options are
.TP
.B -c
Print only a count of matching lines.
.PD 0
.TP
.B -h
Do not print file name tags (headers) with output lines.
.TP
.B -e
The following argument is taken as a
.IR pattern .
This option makes it easy to specify patterns that
might confuse argument parsing, such as
.BR -n .
.TP
.B -i
Ignore alphabetic case distinctions. The implementation
folds into lower case all letters in the pattern and input before
interpretation. Matched lines are printed in their original form.
.TP
.B -l
(ell) Print the names of files with selected lines; don't print the lines.
.TP
.B -L
Print the names of files with no selected lines;
the converse of
.BR -l .
.TP
.B -n
Mark each printed line with its line number counted in its file.
.TP
.B -s
Produce no output, but return status.
.TP
.B -v
Reverse: print lines that do not match the pattern.
.TP
.B -f
The pattern argument is the name of a file containing regular
expressions one per line.
.TP
.B -b
Don't buffer the output: write each output line as soon as it is discovered.
.PD
.PP
Output lines are tagged by file name when there is more than one
input file.
(To force this tagging, include
.B /dev/null
as a file name argument.)
.PP
Care should be taken when
using the shell metacharacters
.B $*[^|()=\e
and newline
in
.IR pattern ;
it is safest to enclose the
entire expression
in single quotes
.BR \&\|' \|.\|.\|.\| ' .
An expression starting with '*'
will treat the rest of the expression
as literal characters.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/grep
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR ed (1),
.IR awk (1),
.IR sed (1),
.IR sam (1),
.IR regexp (6)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Exit status is null if any lines are selected,
or non-null when no lines are selected or an error occurs.

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.TH HOC 1
.SH NAME
hoc \- interactive floating point language
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B hoc
[
.I file ...
]
[
.B -e
.I expression
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Hoc
interprets a simple language for floating point arithmetic,
at about the level of BASIC, with C-like syntax and
functions.
.PP
The named
.I files
are read and interpreted in order.
If no
.I file
is given or if
.I file
is
.L -
.I hoc
interprets the standard input.
The
.B -e
option allows input to
.I hoc
to be specified on the command line, to be treated as if it appeared in a file.
.PP
.I Hoc
input consists of
.I expressions
and
.IR statements .
Expressions are evaluated and their results printed.
Statements, typically assignments and function or procedure
definitions, produce no output unless they explicitly call
.IR print .
.PP
Variable names have the usual syntax, including
.LR _ ;
the name
.L _
by itself contains the value of the last expression evaluated.
The variables
.BR E ,
.BR PI ,
.BR PHI ,
.BR GAMMA
and
.B DEG
are predefined; the last is 59.25..., degrees per radian.
.PP
Expressions are formed with these C-like operators, listed by
decreasing precedence.
.TP
.B ^
exponentiation
.TP
.B ! - ++ --
.TP
.B * / %
.TP
.B + -
.TP
.B > >= < <= == !=
.TP
.B &&
.TP
.B ||
.TP
.B = += -= *= /= %=
.PP
Built in functions are
.BR abs ,
.BR acos ,
.BR asin ,
.B atan
(one argument),
.BR cos ,
.BR cosh ,
.BR exp ,
.BR int ,
.BR log ,
.BR log10 ,
.BR sin ,
.BR sinh ,
.BR sqrt ,
.BR tan ,
and
.BR tanh .
The function
.B read(x)
reads a value into the variable
.B x
and returns 0 at EOF;
the statement
.B print
prints a list of expressions that may include
string constants such as
\fL"hello\en"\f1.\fP
.PP
Control flow statements are
.BR if - else ,
.BR while ,
and
.BR for ,
with braces for grouping.
Newline ends a statement.
Backslash-newline is equivalent to a space.
.PP
Functions and procedures are introduced by the words
.B func
and
.BR proc ;
.B return
is used to return with a value from a function.
.SH EXAMPLES
.EX
func gcd(a, b) {
temp = abs(a) % abs(b)
if(temp == 0) return abs(b)
return gcd(b, temp)
}
for(i=1; i<12; i++) print gcd(i,12)
.EE
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/hoc
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR bc (1),
.IR dc (1)
.br
B. W. Kernighan and R. Pike,
.I
The Unix Programming Environment,
Prentice-Hall, 1984
.SH BUGS
Error recovery is imperfect within function and procedure definitions.

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.TH IDIFF 1
.SH NAME
idiff \- interactive diff
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B idiff
[
.B -bw
]
.I file1
.I file2
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Idiff
interactively
merges
.I file1
and
.IR file2 .
Wherever
.I file1
and
.I file2
differ,
.I idiff
displays the differences in the style of
.RB `` diff
.RB -n ''
and prompts the user to select a chunk.
Valid responses are:
.TP
.B <
Use the chunk from
.IR file1 .
.TP
.B >
Use the chunk from
.IR file2 .
.TP
.B =
Use the diff output itself.
.TP
.BR q< ", " q> ", " q=
Use the given response for all future questions.
.TP
.BI ! cmd
Execute
.I cmd
and prompt again.
.PP
.I Idiff
invokes
.IR diff (1)
to compare the files.
The
.B -b
and
.B -w
flags
are simply
passed through to
.IR diff .
.SH FILES
.B /tmp/idiff.*
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/idiff.c
.SH "SEE ALSO
.IR diff (1)
.br
Kernighan and Pike,
.IR "The Unix Programming Environment" ,
Prentice-Hall, 1984.
.SH BUGS
This is a poorly-written manual page.

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.TH JOIN 1
.CT 1 files
.SH NAME
join \- relational database operator
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B join
[
.I options
]
.I file1 file2
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Join
forms, on the standard output,
a join
of the two relations specified by the lines of
.I file1
and
.IR file2 .
If one of the file names is
.LR - ,
the standard input is used.
.PP
.I File1
and
.I file2
must be sorted in increasing
.SM ASCII
collating
sequence on the fields
on which they are to be joined,
normally the first in each line.
.PP
There is one line in the output
for each pair of lines in
.I file1
and
.I file2
that have identical join fields.
The output line normally consists of the common field,
then the rest of the line from
.IR file1 ,
then the rest of the line from
.IR file2 .
.PP
Input fields are normally separated spaces or tabs;
output fields by space.
In this case, multiple separators count as one, and
leading separators are discarded.
.PP
The following options are recognized, with POSIX syntax.
.TP
.BI -a " n
In addition to the normal output,
produce a line for each unpairable line in file
.IR n ,
where
.I n
is 1 or 2.
.TP
.BI -v " n
Like
.BR -a ,
omitting output for paired lines.
.TP
.BI -e " s
Replace empty output fields by string
.IR s .
.TP
.BI -1 " m
.br
.ns
.TP
.BI -2 " m
Join on the
.IR m th
field of
.I file1
or
.IR file2 .
.TP
.BI -j "n m"
Archaic equivalent for
.BI - n " m"\f1.
.TP
.BI -o fields
Each output line comprises the designated fields.
The comma-separated field designators are either
.BR 0 ,
meaning the join field, or have the form
.IR n . m ,
where
.I n
is a file number and
.I m
is a field number.
Archaic usage allows separate arguments for field designators.
.PP
.TP
.BI -t c
Use character
.I c
as the only separator (tab character) on input and output.
Every appearance of
.I c
in a line is significant.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.L
sort -t: +1 /adm/users | join -t: -1 2 -a 1 -e "" - bdays
Add birthdays to the
.B /adm/users
file, leaving unknown
birthdays empty.
The layout of
.B /adm/users
is given in
.IR users (6);
.B bdays
contains sorted lines like
.LR "ken:Feb\ 4,\ 1953" .
.TP
.L
tr : ' ' </adm/users | sort -k 3 3 >temp
.br
.ns
.TP
.L
join -1 3 -2 3 -o 1.1,2.1 temp temp | awk '$1 < $2'
Print all pairs of users with identical userids.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/join.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR sort (1),
.IR comm (1),
.IR awk (1)
.SH BUGS
With default field separation,
the collating sequence is that of
.BI "sort -b"
.BI -k y , y\f1;
with
.BR -t ,
the sequence is that of
.BI "sort -t" x
.BI -k y , y\f1.
.br
One of the files must be randomly accessible.

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.TH LS 1
.SH NAME
ls, lc \- list contents of directory
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ls
[
.B -dlmnpqrstuFQ
]
.I name ...
.PP
.B lc
[
.B -dlmnqrstuFQ
]
.I name ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
For each directory argument,
.I ls
lists the contents of the directory;
for each file argument,
.I ls
repeats its name and any other information requested.
When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
By default, the output is sorted alphabetically by name.
.PP
.I Lc
is the same as
.IR ls ,
but sets the
.B -p
option and pipes the output through
.IR mc (1).
.PP
There are a number of options:
.TP
.B -d
If argument is a directory, list it, not
its contents.
.TP
.B -l
List in long format, giving mode (see below), file system type
(e.g., for devices, the
.B #
code letter that names it; see
.IR intro (3)),
the instance or subdevice number, owner, group,
size in bytes, and time of last modification
for each file.
.TP
.B -m
List the name of the user who most recently modified the file.
.TP
.B -n
Don't sort the listing.
.TP
.B -p
Print only the final path element of each file name.
.TP
.B -q
List the
.I qid
(see
.IR stat (2))
of each file; the printed fields are in the order
path, version, and type.
.TP
.B -r
Reverse the order of sort.
.TP
.B -s
Give size in Kbytes for each entry.
.TP
.B -t
Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
by name.
.TP
.B -u
Under
.B -t
sort by time of last access;
under
.B -l
print time of last access.
.TP
.B -F
Add the character
.B /
after all directory names
and the character
.B *
after all executable files.
.TP
.B -L
Print the character
.B t
before each file if it has the temporary flag set, and
.B -
otherwise.
.TP
.B -Q
By default, printed file names are quoted if they contain characters special to
.IR rc (1).
The
.B -Q
flag disables this behavior.
.PP
The mode printed under the
.B -l
option contains 11 characters,
interpreted
as follows:
the first character is
.TP
.B d
if the entry is a directory;
.PD 0
.TP
.B a
if the entry is an append-only file;
.TP
.B -
if the entry is a plain file.
.PD
.PP
The next letter is
.B l
if the file is exclusive access (one writer or reader at a time).
.PP
The last 9 characters are interpreted
as three sets of three bits each.
The first set refers to owner permissions;
the next to permissions to others in the same user-group;
and the last to all others.
Within each set the three characters indicate
permission respectively to read, to write, or to
execute the file as a program.
For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
to mean permission to search the directory
for a specified file.
The permissions are indicated as follows:
.TP 3
.B r
if the file is readable;
.PD 0
.TP 3
.B w
if the file is writable;
.TP 3
.B x
if the file is executable;
.TP 3
.B -
if none of the above permissions is granted.
.PD
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/ls.c
.br
.B /rc/bin/lc
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR stat (2)
.IR mc (1)

40
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.TH MC 1
.SH NAME
mc \- multicolumn print
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B mc
[
.B -
]
[
.BI - N
]
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Mc
splits the input into as many columns as will fit in
.I N
print positions.
If run in a
.IR rio (1)
window, the default
.I N
is the number of blanks that will fit across the window;
otherwise the default
.I N
is 80.
Under option
.B -
each input line ending in a colon
.L :
is printed separately.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/mc.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR rio (1),
.IR pr (1),
.I lc
in
.IR ls (1)

35
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.TH MKDIR 1
.SH NAME
mkdir \- make a directory
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B mkdir
[
.B -p
]
.I dirname ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Mkdir
creates the specified directories.
It
requires write permission in the parent directory.
.PP
If the
.B -p
flag is given,
.I mkdir
creates any necessary parent directories
and does not complain if the target directory already exists.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR rm (1)
.br
.IR cd
in
.IR rc (1)
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/mkdir.c
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.I Mkdir
returns null exit status if all directories were successfully made.
Otherwise it prints a diagnostic and returns
.B \&"error"
status.

92
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.TH PLUMB 1
.SH NAME
plumb \- send message to plumber
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B plumb
[
.B -p
.I plumbfile
] [
.B -a
.I attributes
] [
.B -s
.I source
] [
.B -d
.I destination
] [
.B -t
.I type
] [
.B -w
.I directory
]
.B -i
|
.I data...
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.I plumb
command formats and sends a plumbing message whose data
is, by default, the concatenation of the argument strings separated by blanks.
The options are:
.TP
.B -p
write the message to
.I plumbfile
(default
.BR /mnt/plumb/send ).
.TP
.B -a
set the
.B attr
field of the message (default is empty).
.TP
.B -s
set the
.B src
field of the message (default is
.BR plumb ).
.TP
.B -d
set the
.B dst
field of the message (default is empty).
.TP
.B -t
set the
.B type
field of the message (default is
.BR text ).
.TP
.B -w
set the
.B wdir
field of the message (default is the current working directory of
.IR plumb ).
.TP
.B -i
take the data from standard input rather than the argument strings.
If an
.B action=
attribute is not otherwise specified,
.I plumb
will add an
.B action=showdata
attribute to the message.
.SH FILES
.TF /usr/$user/lib/plumbing
.TP
.B /usr/$user/lib/plumbing
default rules file
.TP
.B /mnt/plumb
mount point for
.IR plumber (4).
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/plumb
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR plumb (2),
.IR plumber (4),
.IR plumb (6)

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.TH RC 1
.SH NAME
rc, cd, eval, exec, exit, flag, rfork, shift, wait, whatis, ., ~ \- command language
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B rc
[
.B -srdiIlxepvV
]
[
.B -c command
]
[
.I file
[
.I arg ...
]]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Rc
is the Plan 9 shell.
It executes command lines read from a terminal or a file or, with the
.B -c
flag, from
.I rc's
argument list.
.SS Command Lines
A command line is a sequence of commands, separated by ampersands or semicolons
.RB ( &
or
.BR ; ),
terminated by a newline.
The commands are executed in sequence
from left to right.
.I Rc
does not wait for a command followed by
.B &
to finish executing before starting
the following command.
Whenever a command followed by
.B &
is executed, its process id is assigned to the
.I rc
variable
.BR $apid .
Whenever a command
.I not
followed by
.B &
exits or is terminated, the
.I rc
variable
.B $status
gets the process's wait message (see
.IR wait (2));
it will be the null string if the command was successful.
.PP
A long command line may be continued on subsequent lines by typing
a backslash
.RB ( \e )
followed by a newline.
This sequence is treated as though it were a blank.
Backslash is not otherwise a special character.
.PP
A number-sign
.RB ( # )
and any following characters up to (but not including) the next newline
are ignored, except in quotation marks.
.SS Simple Commands
A simple command is a sequence of arguments interspersed with I/O redirections.
If the first argument is the name of an
.I rc
function or of one of
.I rc's
built-in commands, it is executed by
.IR rc .
Otherwise if the name starts with a slash
.RB ( / ),
it must be the path name of the program to be executed.
Names containing no initial slash are searched for in
a list of directory names stored in
.BR $path .
The first executable file of the given name found
in a directory in
.B $path
is the program to be executed.
To be executable, the user must have execute permission (see
.IR stat (2))
and the file must be either an executable binary
for the current machine's CPU type, or a shell script.
Shell scripts begin with a line containing the full path name of a shell
(usually
.BR /bin/rc ),
prefixed by
.LR #! .
.PP
The first word of a simple command cannot be a keyword unless it is
quoted or otherwise disguised.
The keywords are
.EX
for in while if not switch fn ~ ! @
.EE
.SS Arguments and Variables
A number of constructions may be used where
.I rc's
syntax requires an argument to appear.
In many cases a construction's
value will be a list of arguments rather than a single string.
.PP
The simplest kind of argument is the unquoted word:
a sequence of one or more characters none of which is a blank, tab,
newline, or any of the following:
.EX
# ; & | ^ $ = ` ' { } ( ) < >
.EE
An unquoted word that contains any of the characters
.B *
.B ?
.B [
is a pattern for matching against file names.
The character
.B *
matches any sequence of characters,
.B ?
matches any single character, and
.BI [ class ]
matches any character in the
.IR class .
If the first character of
.I class
is
.BR ~ ,
the class is complemented.
The
.I class
may also contain pairs of characters separated by
.BR - ,
standing for all characters lexically between the two.
The character
.B /
must appear explicitly in a pattern, as must the
first character of the path name components
.B .
and
.BR .. .
A pattern is replaced by a list of arguments, one for each path name matched,
except that a pattern matching no names is not replaced by the empty list,
but rather stands for itself.
Pattern matching is done after all other
operations.
Thus,
.EX
x=/tmp echo $x^/*.c
.EE
matches
.BR /tmp/*.c ,
rather than matching
.B "/*.c
and then prefixing
.BR /tmp .
.PP
A quoted word is a sequence of characters surrounded by single quotes
.RB ( ' ).
A single quote is represented in a quoted word by a pair of quotes
.RB ( '' ).
.PP
Each of the following is an argument.
.PD 0
.HP
.BI ( arguments )
.br
The value of a sequence of arguments enclosed in parentheses is
a list comprising the members of each element of the sequence.
Argument lists have no recursive structure, although their syntax may
suggest it.
The following are entirely equivalent:
.EX
echo hi there everybody
((echo) (hi there) everybody)
.EE
.HP
.BI $ argument
.HP
.BI $ argument ( subscript )
.br
The
.I argument
after the
.B $
is the name of a variable whose value is substituted.
Multiple levels
of indirection are possible, but of questionable utility.
Variable values
are lists of strings.
If
.I argument
is a number
.IR n ,
the value is the
.IR n th
element of
.BR $* ,
unless
.B $*
doesn't have
.I n
elements, in which case the value is empty.
If
.I argument
is followed by a parenthesized list of subscripts, the
value substituted is a list composed of the requested elements (origin 1).
The parenthesis must follow the variable name with no spaces.
Assignments to variables are described below.
.HP
.BI $# argument
.br
The value is the number of elements in the named variable.
A variable
never assigned a value has zero elements.
.HP
$"\c
.I argument
.br
The value is a single string containing the components of the named variable
separated by spaces. A variable with zero elements yields the empty string.
.HP
.BI `{ command }
.br
.I rc
executes the
.I command
and reads its standard output, splitting it into a list of arguments,
using characters in
.B $ifs
as separators.
If
.B $ifs
is not otherwise set, its value is
.BR "'\ \et\en'" .
.HP
.BI <{ command }
.HP
.BI >{ command }
.br
The
.I command
is executed asynchronously with its standard output or standard input
connected to a pipe.
The value of the argument is the name of a file
referring to the other end of the pipe.
This allows the construction of
non-linear pipelines.
For example, the following runs two commands
.B old
and
.B new
and uses
.B cmp
to compare their outputs
.EX
cmp <{old} <{new}
.EE
.HP
.IB argument ^ argument
.br
The
.B ^
operator concatenates its two operands.
If the two operands
have the same number of components, they are concatenated pairwise.
If not,
then one operand must have one component, and the other must be non-empty,
and concatenation is distributive.
.PD
.SS Free Carets
In most circumstances,
.I rc
will insert the
.B ^
operator automatically between words that are not separated by white space.
Whenever one of
.B $
.B '
.B `
follows a quoted or unquoted word or an unquoted word follows a quoted word
with no intervening blanks or tabs,
a
.B ^
is inserted between the two.
If an unquoted word immediately follows a
.BR $
and contains a character other than an alphanumeric, underscore,
or
.BR * ,
a
.B ^
is inserted before the first such character.
Thus
.IP
.B cc -$flags $stem.c
.LP
is equivalent to
.IP
.B cc -^$flags $stem^.c
.SS I/O Redirections
The sequence
.BI > file
redirects the standard output file (file descriptor 1, normally the
terminal) to the named
.IR file ;
.BI >> file
appends standard output to the file.
The standard input file (file descriptor 0, also normally the terminal)
may be redirected from a file by the sequence
.BI < file \f1,
or from an inline `here document'
by the sequence
.BI << eof-marker\f1.
The contents of a here document are lines of text taken from the command
input stream up to a line containing nothing but the
.IR eof-marker ,
which may be either a quoted or unquoted word.
If
.I eof-marker
is unquoted, variable names of the form
.BI $ word
have their values substituted from
.I rc's
environment.
If
.BI $ word
is followed by a caret
.RB ( ^ ),
the caret is deleted.
If
.I eof-marker
is quoted, no substitution occurs.
.PP
Redirections may be applied to a file-descriptor other than standard input
or output by qualifying the redirection operator
with a number in square brackets.
For example, the diagnostic output (file descriptor 2)
may be redirected by writing
.BR "cc junk.c >[2]junk" .
.PP
A file descriptor may be redirected to an already open descriptor by writing
.BI >[ fd0 = fd1 ]
or
.BI <[ fd0 = fd1 ]\f1.
.I Fd1
is a previously opened file descriptor and
.I fd0
becomes a new copy (in the sense of
.IR dup (2))
of it.
A file descriptor may be closed by writing
.BI >[ fd0 =]
or
.BI <[ fd0 =]\f1.
.PP
Redirections are executed from left to right.
Therefore,
.B cc junk.c >/dev/null >[2=1]
and
.B cc junk.c >[2=1] >/dev/null
have different effects: the first puts standard output in
.BR /dev/null
and then puts diagnostic output in the same place, where the second
directs diagnostic output to the terminal and sends standard output to
.BR /dev/null .
.SS Compound Commands
A pair of commands separated by a pipe operator
.RB ( | )
is a command.
The standard output of the left command is sent through a pipe
to the standard input of the right command.
The pipe operator may be decorated
to use different file descriptors.
.BI |[ fd ]
connects the output end of the pipe to file descriptor
.I fd
rather than 1.
.BI |[ fd0 = fd1 ]
connects output to
.I fd1
of the left command and input to
.I fd0
of the right command.
.PP
A pair of commands separated by
.B &&
or
.B ||
is a command.
In either case, the left command is executed and its exit status examined.
If the operator is
.B &&
the right command is executed if the left command's status is null.
.B ||
causes the right command to be executed if the left command's status is non-null.
.PP
The exit status of a command may be inverted (non-null is changed to null, null
is changed to non-null) by preceding it with a
.BR ! .
.PP
The
.B |
operator has highest precedence, and is left-associative (i.e. binds tighter
to the left than the right).
.B !
has intermediate precedence, and
.B &&
and
.B ||
have the lowest precedence.
.PP
The unary
.B @
operator, with precedence equal to
.BR ! ,
causes its operand to be executed in a subshell.
.PP
Each of the following is a command.
.PD 0
.HP
.B if (
.I list
.B )
.I command
.br
A
.I list
is a sequence of commands, separated by
.BR & ,
.BR ; ,
or newline.
It is executed and
if its exit status is null, the
.I command
is executed.
.HP
.B if not
.I command
.br
The immediately preceding command must have been
.BI if( list )
.IR command .
If its condition was non-zero, the
.I command
is executed.
.HP
.BI for( name
.B in
.IB arguments )
.I command
.HP
.BI for( name )
.I command
.br
The
.I command
is executed once for each
.IR argument
with that argument assigned to
.IR name .
If the argument list is omitted,
.B $*
is used.
.HP
.BI while( list )
.I command
.br
The
.I list
is executed repeatedly until its exit status is non-null.
Each time it returns null status, the
.I command
is executed.
An empty
.I list
is taken to give null status.
.HP
.BI "switch(" argument "){" list }
.br
The
.IR list
is searched for simple commands beginning with the word
.BR case .
(The search is only at the `top level' of the
.IR list .
That is,
.B cases
in nested constructs are not found.)
.I Argument
is matched against each word following
.B case
using the pattern-matching algorithm described above, except that
.B /
and the first characters of
.B .
and
.B ..
need not be matched explicitly.
When a match is found, commands in the list are executed up to the next
following
.B case
command (at the top level) or the closing brace.
.HP
.BI { list }
.br
Braces serve to alter the grouping of commands implied by operator
priorities.
The
.I body
is a sequence of commands separated by
.BR & ,
.BR ; ,
or newline.
.HP
.BI "fn " name { list }
.HP
.BI "fn " name
.br
The first form defines a function with the given
.IR name .
Subsequently, whenever a command whose first argument is
.I name
is encountered, the current value of
the remainder of the command's argument list will be assigned to
.BR $* ,
after saving its current value, and
.I rc
will execute the
.IR list .
The second form removes
.IR name 's
function definition.
.HP
.BI "fn " note { list }
.br
.HP
.BI "fn " note
.br
A function with a special name will be called when
.I rc
receives a corresponding note; see
.IR notify (2).
The valid note names (and corresponding notes) are
.B sighup
.RB ( hangup ),
.B sigint
.RB ( interrupt ),
.BR sigalrm
.RB ( alarm ),
and
.B sigfpe
(floating point trap).
By default
.I rc
exits on receiving any signal, except when run interactively,
in which case interrupts and quits normally cause
.I rc
to stop whatever it's doing and start reading a new command.
The second form causes
.I rc
to handle a signal in the default manner.
.I Rc
recognizes an artificial note,
.BR sigexit ,
which occurs when
.I rc
is about to finish executing.
.HP
.IB name = "argument command"
.br
Any command may be preceded by a sequence of assignments
interspersed with redirections.
The assignments remain in effect until the end of the command, unless
the command is empty (i.e. the assignments stand alone), in which case
they are effective until rescinded by later assignments.
.PD
.SS Built-in Commands
These commands are executed internally by
.IR rc ,
usually because their execution changes or depends on
.IR rc 's
internal state.
.PD 0
.HP
.BI . " file ..."
.br
Execute commands from
.IR file .
.B $*
is set for the duration to the remainder of the argument list following
.IR file .
.I File
is searched for using
.BR $path .
.HP
.BI builtin " command ..."
.br
Execute
.I command
as usual except that any function named
.I command
is ignored in favor of the built-in meaning.
.HP
.BI "cd [" dir "]"
.br
Change the current directory to
.IR dir .
The default argument is
.BR $home .
.I dir
is searched for in each of the directories mentioned in
.BR $cdpath .
.HP
.BI "eval [" "arg ..." "]"
.br
The arguments are concatenated separated by spaces into a single string,
read as input to
.IR rc ,
and executed.
.HP
.BI "exec [" "command ..." "]"
.br
This instance of
.I rc
replaces itself with the given (non-built-in)
.IR command .
.HP
.BI "flag " f " [+-]"
.br
Either set
.RB ( + ),
clear
.RB ( - ),
or test (neither
.B +
nor
.BR - )
the flag
.IR f ,
where
.I f
is a single character, one of the command line flags (see Invocation, below).
.HP
.BI "exit [" status "]"
.br
Exit with the given exit status.
If none is given, the current value of
.B $status
is used.
.HP
.BR "rfork " [ nNeEsfFm ]
.br
Become a new process group using
.BI rfork( flags )
where
.I flags
is composed of the bitwise OR of the
.B rfork
flags specified by the option letters
(see
.IR fork (2)).
If no
.I flags
are given, they default to
.BR ens .
The
.I flags
and their meanings are:
.B n
is
.BR RFNAMEG ;
.B N
is
.BR RFCNAMEG ;
.B e
is
.BR RFENVG ;
.B E
is
.BR RFCENVG ;
.B s
is
.BR RFNOTEG ;
.B f
is
.BR RFFDG ;
.B F
is
.BR RFCFDG ;
and
.B m
is
.BR RFNOMNT .
.HP
.BI "shift [" n "]"
.br
Delete the first
.IR n
(default 1)
elements of
.BR $* .
.HP
.BI "wait [" pid "]"
.br
Wait for the process with the given
.I pid
to exit.
If no
.I pid
is given, all outstanding processes are waited for.
.HP
.BI whatis " name ..."
.br
Print the value of each
.I name
in a form suitable for input to
.IR rc .
The output is
an assignment to any variable,
the definition of any function,
a call to
.B builtin
for any built-in command, or
the completed pathname of any executable file.
.HP
.BI ~ " subject pattern ..."
.br
The
.I subject
is matched against each
.I pattern
in sequence.
If it matches any pattern,
.B $status
is set to zero.
Otherwise,
.B $status
is set to one.
Patterns are the same as for file name matching, except that
.B /
and the first character of
.B .
and
.B ..
need not be matched explicitly.
The
.I patterns
are not subjected to
file name matching before the
.B ~
command is executed, so they need not be enclosed in quotation marks.
.PD
.SS Environment
The
.I environment
is a list of strings made available to executing binaries by the
.B env
device
(see
.IR env (3)).
.I Rc
creates an environment entry for each variable whose value is non-empty,
and for each function.
The string for a variable entry has the variable's name followed by
.B =
and its value.
If the value has more than one component, these
are separated by ctrl-a
.RB ( '\e001' )
characters.
The string for a function is just the
.I rc
input that defines the function.
The name of a function in the environment is the function name
preceded by
.LR fn# .
.PP
When
.I rc
starts executing it reads variable and function definitions from its
environment.
.SS Special Variables
The following variables are set or used by
.IR rc .
.PD 0
.TP \w'\fL$promptXX'u
.B $*
Set to
.IR rc 's
argument list during initialization.
Whenever a
.B .
command or a function is executed, the current value is saved and
.B $*
receives the new argument list.
The saved value is restored on completion of the
.B .
or function.
.TP
.B $apid
Whenever a process is started asynchronously with
.BR & ,
.B $apid
is set to its process id.
.TP
.B $home
The default directory for
.BR cd .
.TP
.B $ifs
The input field separators used in backquote substitutions.
If
.B $ifs
is not set in
.IR rc 's
environment, it is initialized to blank, tab and newline.
.TP
.B $path
The search path used to find commands and input files
for the
.B .
command.
If not set in the environment, it is initialized by
.BR "path=(.\ /bin)" .
Its use is discouraged; instead use
.IR bind (1)
to build a
.B /bin
containing what's needed.
.TP
.B $pid
Set during initialization to
.IR rc 's
process id.
.TP
.B $prompt
When
.I rc
is run interactively, the first component of
.B $prompt
is printed before reading each command.
The second component is printed whenever a newline is typed and more lines
are required to complete the command.
If not set in the environment, it is initialized by
.BR "prompt=('%\ '\ '\ ')" .
.TP
.B $status
Set to the wait message of the last-executed program.
(unless started with
.BR &).
.B !
and
.B ~
also change
.BR $status .
Its value is used to control execution in
.BR && ,
.BR || ,
.B if
and
.B while
commands.
When
.I rc
exits at end-of-file of its input or on executing an
.B exit
command with no argument,
.B $status
is its exit status.
.PD
.SS Invocation
If
.I rc
is started with no arguments it reads commands from standard input.
Otherwise its first non-flag argument is the name of a file from which
to read commands (but see
.B -c
below).
Subsequent arguments become the initial value of
.BR $* .
.I Rc
accepts the following command-line flags.
.PD 0
.TP \w'\fL-c\ \fIstring\fLXX'u
.BI -c " string"
Commands are read from
.IR string .
.TP
.B -s
Print out exit status after any command where the status is non-null.
.TP
.B -e
Exit if
.B $status
is non-null after executing a simple command.
.TP
.B -i
If
.B -i
is present, or
.I rc
is given no arguments and its standard input is a terminal,
it runs interactively.
Commands are prompted for using
.BR $prompt .
.TP
.B -I
Makes sure
.I rc
is not run interactively.
.TP
.B -l
If
.B -l
is given or the first character of argument zero is
.BR - ,
.I rc
reads commands from
.BR $home/lib/profile ,
if it exists, before reading its normal input.
.TP
.B -p
A no-op.
.TP
.B -d
A no-op.
.TP
.B -v
Echo input on file descriptor 2 as it is read.
.TP
.B -x
Print each simple command before executing it.
.TP
.B -r
Print debugging information (internal form of commands
as they are executed).
.PD
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/rc
.SH "SEE ALSO"
Tom Duff,
``Rc \- The Plan 9 Shell''.
.SH BUGS
There should be a way to match patterns against whole lists rather than
just single strings.
.br
Using
.B ~
to check the value of
.B $status
changes
.BR $status .
.br
Functions that use here documents don't work.
.br
Free carets don't get inserted next to keywords.

28
man/man1/rm.1 Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
.TH RM 1
.SH NAME
rm \- remove files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B rm
[
.B -fr
]
.I file ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Rm
removes files or directories.
A directory is removed only if it is empty.
Removal of a file requires write permission in its directory,
but neither read nor write permission on the file itself.
The options are
.TP
.B -f
Don't report files that can't be removed.
.TP
.B -r
Recursively delete the
entire contents of a directory
and the directory itself.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/rm.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR remove (2)

885
man/man1/sam.1 Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,885 @@
.TH SAM 1
.ds a \fR*\ \fP
.SH NAME
sam, B, sam.save \- screen editor with structural regular expressions
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B sam
[
.I option ...
] [
.I files
]
.PP
.B sam
.B -r
.I machine
.PP
.B sam.save
.PP
.B B
[
.BI -nnnn
]
.I file ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Sam
is a multi-file editor.
It modifies a local copy of an external file.
The copy is here called a
.IR file .
The files are listed in a menu available through mouse button 3
or the
.B n
command.
Each file has an associated name, usually the name of the
external file from which it was read, and a `modified' bit that indicates whether
the editor's file agrees with the external file.
The external file is not read into
the editor's file until it first becomes the current file\(emthat to
which editing commands apply\(emwhereupon its menu entry is printed.
The options are
.TF -rmachine
.TP
.B -d
Do not `download' the terminal part of
.IR sam .
Editing will be done with the command language only, as in
.IR ed (1).
.TP
.BI -r " machine
Run the host part remotely
on the specified machine, the terminal part locally.
.TP
.BI -s " path
Start the host part from the specified file on the remote host.
Only meaningful with the
.BI -r
option.
.TP
.BI -t " path
Start the terminal part from the specified file. Useful
for debugging.
.PD
.SS Regular expressions
Regular expressions are as in
.IR regexp (6)
with the addition of
.BR \en
to represent newlines.
A regular expression may never contain a literal newline character.
The empty
regular expression stands for the last complete expression encountered.
A regular expression in
.I sam
matches the longest leftmost substring formally
matched by the expression.
Searching in the reverse direction is equivalent
to searching backwards with the catenation operations reversed in
the expression.
.SS Addresses
An address identifies a substring in a file.
In the following, `character
.IR n '
means the null string
after the
.IR n -th
character in the file, with 1 the
first character in the file.
`Line
.IR n '
means the
.IR n -th
match,
starting at the beginning of the file, of the regular expression
.LR .*\en? .
All files always have a current substring, called dot,
that is the default address.
.SS Simple Addresses
.PD 0
.TP
.BI # n
The empty string after character
.IR n ;
.B #0
is the beginning of the file.
.TP
.I n
Line
.IR n ;
.B 0
is the beginning of the file.
.TP
.BI / regexp /
.PD 0
.TP
.BI ? regexp ?
The substring that matches the regular expression,
found by looking toward the end
.RB ( / )
or beginning
.RB ( ? )
of the file,
and if necessary continuing the search from the other end to the
starting point of the search.
The matched substring may straddle
the starting point.
When entering a pattern containing a literal question mark
for a backward search, the question mark should be
specified as a member of a class.
.PD
.TP
.B 0
The string before the first full line.
This is not necessarily
the null string; see
.B +
and
.B -
below.
.TP
.B $
The null string at the end of the file.
.TP
.B .
Dot.
.TP
.B \&'
The mark in the file (see the
.B k
command below).
.TP
\fB"\f2regexp\fB"\f1\f1
Preceding a simple address (default
.BR . ),
refers to the address evaluated in the unique file whose menu line
matches the regular expression.
.PD
.SS Compound Addresses
In the following,
.I a1
and
.I a2
are addresses.
.TF a1+a2
.TP
.IB a1 + a2
The address
.I a2
evaluated starting at the end of
.IR a1 .
.TP
.IB a1 - a2
The address
.I a2
evaluated looking in the reverse direction
starting at the beginning of
.IR a1 .
.TP
.IB a1 , a2
The substring from the beginning of
.I a1
to the end of
.IR a2 .
If
.I a1
is missing,
.B 0
is substituted.
If
.I a2
is missing,
.B $
is substituted.
.TP
.IB a1 ; a2
Like
.IB a1 , a2\f1,
but with
.I a2
evaluated at the end of, and dot set to,
.IR a1 .
.PD
.PP
The operators
.B +
and
.B -
are high precedence, while
.B ,
and
.B ;
are low precedence.
.PP
In both
.B +
and
.B -
forms, if
.I a2
is a line or character address with a missing
number, the number defaults to 1.
If
.I a1
is missing,
.L .
is substituted.
If both
.I a1
and
.I a2
are present and distinguishable,
.B +
may be elided.
.I a2
may be a regular
expression; if it is delimited by
.LR ? 's,
the effect of the
.B +
or
.B -
is reversed.
.PP
It is an error for a compound address to represent a malformed substring.
Some useful idioms:
.IB a1 +-
\%(\f2a1\fB-+\f1)
selects the line containing
the end (beginning) of a1.
.BI 0/ regexp /
locates the first match of the expression in the file.
(The form
.B 0;//
sets dot unnecessarily.)
.BI ./ regexp ///
finds the second following occurrence of the expression,
and
.BI .,/ regexp /
extends dot.
.SS Commands
In the following, text demarcated by slashes represents text delimited
by any printable
character except alphanumerics.
Any number of
trailing delimiters may be elided, with multiple elisions then representing
null strings, but the first delimiter must always
be present.
In any delimited text,
newline may not appear literally;
.B \en
may be typed for newline; and
.B \e/
quotes the delimiter, here
.LR / .
Backslash is otherwise interpreted literally, except in
.B s
commands.
.PP
Most commands may be prefixed by an address to indicate their range
of operation.
Those that may not are marked with a
.L *
below.
If a command takes
an address and none is supplied, dot is used.
The sole exception is
the
.B w
command, which defaults to
.BR 0,$ .
In the description, `range' is used
to represent whatever address is supplied.
Many commands set the
value of dot as a side effect.
If so, it is always set to the `result'
of the change: the empty string for a deletion, the new text for an
insertion, etc. (but see the
.B s
and
.B e
commands).
.br
.ne 1.2i
.SS Text commands
.PD 0
.TP
.BI a/ text /
.TP
or
.TP
.B a
.TP
.I lines of text
.TP
.B .
Insert the text into the file after the range.
Set dot.
.PD
.TP
.B c\fP
.br
.ns
.TP
.B i\fP
Same as
.BR a ,
but
.B c
replaces the text, while
.B i
inserts
.I before
the range.
.TP
.B d
Delete the text in the range.
Set dot.
.TP
.BI s/ regexp / text /
Substitute
.I text
for the first match to the regular expression in the range.
Set dot to the modified range.
In
.I text
the character
.B &
stands for the string
that matched the expression.
Backslash behaves as usual unless followed by
a digit:
.BI \e d
stands for the string that matched the
subexpression begun by the
.IR d -th
left parenthesis.
If
.I s
is followed immediately by a
number
.IR n ,
as in
.BR s2/x/y/ ,
the
.IR n -th
match in the range is substituted.
If the
command is followed by a
.BR g ,
as in
.BR s/x/y/g ,
all matches in the range
are substituted.
.TP
.BI m " a1
.br
.ns
.TP
.BI t " a1
Move
.RB ( m )
or copy
.RB ( t )
the range to after
.IR a1 .
Set dot.
.SS Display commands
.PD 0
.TP
.B p
Print the text in the range.
Set dot.
.TP
.B =
Print the line address and character address of the range.
.TP
.B =#
Print just the character address of the range.
.PD
.SS File commands
.PD 0
.TP
.BI \*ab " file-list
Set the current file to the first file named in the list
that
.I sam
also has in its menu.
The list may be expressed
.BI < "Plan 9 command"
in which case the file names are taken as words (in the shell sense)
generated by the Plan 9 command.
.TP
.BI \*aB " file-list
Same as
.BR b ,
except that file names not in the menu are entered there,
and all file names in the list are examined.
.TP
.B \*an
Print a menu of files.
The format is:
.RS
.TP 11
.BR ' " or blank
indicating the file is modified or clean,
.TP 11
.BR - " or \&" +
indicating the file is unread or has been read
(in the terminal,
.B *
means more than one window is open),
.TP 11
.BR . " or blank
indicating the current file,
.TP 11
a blank,
.TP 11
and the file name.
.RE
.TP 0
.BI \*aD " file-list
Delete the named files from the menu.
If no files are named, the current file is deleted.
It is an error to
.B D
a modified file, but a subsequent
.B D
will delete such a file.
.PD
.SS I/O Commands
.PD 0
.TP
.BI \*ae " filename
Replace the file by the contents of the named external file.
Set dot to the beginning of the file.
.TP
.BI r " filename
Replace the text in the range by the contents of the named external file.
Set dot.
.TP
.BI w " filename
Write the range (default
.BR 0,$ )
to the named external file.
.TP
.BI \*af " filename
Set the file name and print the resulting menu entry.
.PP
If the file name is absent from any of these, the current file name is used.
.B e
always sets the file name;
.B r
and
.B w
do so if the file has no name.
.TP
.BI < " Plan 9-command
Replace the range by the standard output of the
Plan 9 command.
.TP
.BI > " Plan 9-command
Send the range to the standard input of the
Plan 9 command.
.TP
.BI | " Plan 9-command
Send the range to the standard input, and replace it by
the standard output, of the
Plan 9 command.
.TP
.BI \*a! " Plan 9-command
Run the
Plan 9 command.
.TP
.BI \*acd " directory
Change working directory.
If no directory is specified,
.B $home
is used.
.PD
.PP
In any of
.BR < ,
.BR > ,
.B |
or
.BR ! ,
if the
.I Plan 9 command
is omitted the last
.I Plan 9 command
(of any type) is substituted.
If
.I sam
is
.I downloaded
(using the mouse and raster display, i.e. not using option
.BR -d ),
.B !
sets standard input to
.BR /dev/null ,
and otherwise
unassigned output
.RB ( stdout
for
.B !
and
.BR > ,
.B stderr
for all) is placed in
.B /tmp/sam.err
and the first few lines are printed.
.SS Loops and Conditionals
.PD 0
.TP
.BI x/ regexp / " command
For each match of the regular expression in the range, run the command
with dot set to the match.
Set dot to the last match.
If the regular
expression and its slashes are omitted,
.L /.*\en/
is assumed.
Null string matches potentially occur before every character
of the range and at the end of the range.
.TP
.BI y/ regexp / " command
Like
.BR x ,
but run the command for each substring that lies before, between,
or after
the matches that would be generated by
.BR x .
There is no default regular expression.
Null substrings potentially occur before every character
in the range.
.TP
.BI \*aX/ regexp / " command
For each file whose menu entry matches the regular expression,
make that the current file and
run the command.
If the expression is omitted, the command is run
in every file.
.TP
.BI \*aY/ regexp / " command
Same as
.BR X ,
but for files that do not match the regular expression,
and the expression is required.
.TP
.BI g/ regexp / " command
.br
.ns
.TP
.BI v/ regexp / " command
If the range contains
.RB ( g )
or does not contain
.RB ( v )
a match for the expression,
set dot to the range and run the command.
.PP
These may be nested arbitrarily deeply, but only one instance of either
.B X
or
.B Y
may appear in a \%single command.
An empty command in an
.B x
or
.B y
defaults to
.BR p ;
an empty command in
.B X
or
.B Y
defaults to
.BR f .
.B g
and
.B v
do not have defaults.
.PD
.SS Miscellany
.TF (empty)
.TP
.B k
Set the current file's mark to the range. Does not set dot.
.TP
.B \*aq
Quit.
It is an error to quit with modified files, but a second
.B q
will succeed.
.TP
.BI \*au " n
Undo the last
.I n
(default 1)
top-level commands that changed the contents or name of the
current file, and any other file whose most recent change was simultaneous
with the current file's change.
Successive
.BR u 's
move further back in time.
The only commands for which u is ineffective are
.BR cd ,
.BR u ,
.BR q ,
.B w
and
.BR D .
If
.I n
is negative,
.B u
`redoes,' undoing the undo, going forwards in time again.
.TP
(empty)
If the range is explicit, set dot to the range.
If
.I sam
is downloaded, the resulting dot is selected on the screen;
otherwise it is printed.
If no address is specified (the
command is a newline) dot is extended in either direction to
line boundaries and printed.
If dot is thereby unchanged, it is set to
.B .+1
and printed.
.PD
.SS Grouping and multiple changes
Commands may be grouped by enclosing them in braces
.BR {} .
Commands within the braces must appear on separate lines (no backslashes are
required between commands).
Semantically, an opening brace is like a command:
it takes an (optional) address and sets dot for each sub-command.
Commands within the braces are executed sequentially, but changes made
by one command are not visible to other commands (see the next
paragraph).
Braces may be nested arbitrarily.
.PP
When a command makes a number of changes to a file, as in
.BR x/re/c/text/ ,
the addresses of all changes to the file are computed in the original file.
If the changes are in sequence,
they are applied to the file.
Successive insertions at the same address are catenated into a single
insertion composed of the several insertions in the order applied.
.SS The terminal
What follows refers to behavior of
.I sam
when downloaded, that is, when
operating as a display editor on a raster display.
This is the default
behavior; invoking
.I sam
with the
.B -d
(no download) option provides access
to the command language only.
.PP
Each file may have zero or more windows open.
Each window is equivalent
and is updated simultaneously with changes in other windows on the same file.
Each window has an independent value of dot, indicated by a highlighted
substring on the display.
Dot may be in a region not within
the window.
There is usually a `current window',
marked with a dark border, to which typed text and editing
commands apply.
Text may be typed and edited as in
.IR rio (1);
also the escape key (ESC) selects (sets dot to) text typed
since the last mouse button hit.
.PP
The button 3 menu controls window operations.
The top of the menu
provides the following operators, each of which uses one or
more
.IR rio -like
cursors to prompt for selection of a window or sweeping
of a rectangle.
`Sweeping' a null rectangle gets a large window, disjoint
from the command window or the whole screen, depending on
where the null rectangle is.
.TF resize
.TP
.B new
Create a new, empty file.
.TP
.B zerox
Create a copy of an existing window.
.TP
.B resize
As in
.IR rio .
.TP
.B close
Delete the window.
In the last window of a file,
.B close
is equivalent to a
.B D
for the file.
.TP
.B write
Equivalent to a
.B w
for the file.
.PD
.PP
Below these operators is a list of available files, starting with
.BR ~~sam~~ ,
the command window.
Selecting a file from the list makes the most recently
used window on that file current, unless it is already current, in which
case selections cycle through the open windows.
If no windows are open
on the file, the user is prompted to open one.
Files other than
.B ~~sam~~
are marked with one of the characters
.B -+*
according as zero, one, or more windows
are open on the file.
A further mark
.L .
appears on the file in the current window and
a single quote,
.BR ' ,
on a file modified since last write.
.PP
The command window, created automatically when
.B sam
starts, is an ordinary window except that text typed to it
is interpreted as commands for the editor rather than passive text,
and text printed by editor commands appears in it.
The behavior is like
.IR rio ,
with an `output point' that separates commands being typed from
previous output.
Commands typed in the command window apply to the
current open file\(emthe file in the most recently
current window.
.SS Manipulating text
Button 1 changes selection, much like
.IR rio .
Pointing to a non-current window with button 1 makes it current;
within the current window, button 1 selects text, thus setting dot.
Double-clicking selects text to the boundaries of words, lines,
quoted strings or bracketed strings, depending on the text at the click.
.PP
Button 2 provides a menu of editing commands:
.TF /regexp
.TP
.B cut
Delete dot and save the deleted text in the snarf buffer.
.TP
.B paste
Replace the text in dot by the contents of the snarf buffer.
.TP
.B snarf
Save the text in dot in the snarf buffer.
.TP
.B plumb
Send the text in the selection as a plumb
message. If the selection is empty,
the white-space-delimited block of text is sent as a plumb message
with a
.B click
attribute defining where the selection lies (see
.IR plumb (6)).
.TP
.B look
Search forward for the next occurrence of the literal text in dot.
If dot is the null string, the text in the snarf buffer is
used.
The snarf buffer is unaffected.
.TP
.B <rio>
Exchange snarf buffers with
.IR rio .
.TP
.BI / regexp
Search forward for the next match of the last regular expression
typed in a command.
(Not in command window.)
.TP
.B send
Send the text in dot, or the snarf buffer if
dot is the null string, as if it were typed to the command window.
Saves the sent text in the snarf buffer.
(Command window only.)
.PD
.SS External communication
.I Sam
listens to the
.B edit
plumb port.
If plumbing is not active,
on invocation
.I sam
creates a named pipe
.BI /srv/sam. user
which acts as an additional source of commands. Characters written to
the named pipe are treated as if they had been typed in the command window.
.PP
.I B
is a shell-level command that causes an instance of
.I sam
running on the same terminal to load the named
.IR files .
.I B
uses either plumbing or the named pipe, whichever service is available.
If plumbing is not enabled,
the option allows a line number to be specified for
the initial position to display in the last named file
(plumbing provides a more general mechanism for this ability).
.SS Abnormal termination
If
.I sam
terminates other than by a
.B q
command (by hangup, deleting its window, etc.), modified
files are saved in an
executable file,
.BR $home/sam.save .
This program, when executed, asks whether to write
each file back to a external file.
The answer
.L y
causes writing; anything else skips the file.
.SH FILES
.TF /sys/src/cmd/samterm
.TP
.B $home/sam.save
.TP
.B $home/sam.err
.TP
.B /sys/lib/samsave
the program called to unpack
.BR $home/sam.save .
.SH SOURCE
.TF /sys/src/cmd/samterm
.TP
.B /sys/src/cmd/sam
source for
.I sam
itself
.TP
.B /sys/src/cmd/samterm
source for the separate terminal part
.TP
.B /rc/bin/B
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR ed (1),
.IR sed (1),
.IR grep (1),
.IR rio (1),
.IR regexp (6).
.PP
Rob Pike,
``The text editor sam''.

75
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.TH SEQ 1
.SH NAME
seq \- print sequences of numbers
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B seq
[
.B -w
]
[
.BI -f format
]
[
.I first
[
.I incr
]
]
.I last
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Seq
prints a sequence of numbers, one per line, from
.I first
(default 1) to as near
.I last
as possible, in increments of
.I incr
(default 1).
The loop is:
.sp
.EX
for(val = min; val <= max; val += incr) print val;
.EE
.sp
The numbers are interpreted as floating point.
.PP
Normally integer values are printed as decimal integers.
The options are
.TP "\w'\fL-f \fIformat\fLXX'u"
.BI -f format
Use the
.IR print (2)-style
.I format
.IR print
for printing each (floating point) number.
The default is
.LR %g .
.TP
.B -w
Equalize the widths of all numbers by padding with
leading zeros as necessary.
Not effective with option
.BR -f ,
nor with numbers in exponential notation.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.L
seq 0 .05 .1
Print
.BR "0 0.05 0.1"
(on separate lines).
.TP
.L
seq -w 0 .05 .1
Print
.BR "0.00 0.05 0.10" .
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/seq.c
.SH BUGS
Option
.B -w
always surveys every value in advance.
Thus
.L
seq -w 1000000000
is a painful way to get an `infinite' sequence.

31
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.TH SLEEP 1
.SH NAME
sleep \- suspend execution for an interval
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B sleep
.I time
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Sleep
suspends execution for
.I time
seconds.
.SH EXAMPLES
Execute a command
100 seconds hence.
.IP
.EX
{sleep 100; command}&
.EE
.PP
Repeat a command every 30 seconds.
.IP
.EX
while (){
command
sleep 30
}
.EE
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/sleep.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR sleep (2)

260
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.TH SORT 1
.SH NAME
sort \- sort and/or merge files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B sort
[
.BI -cmuMbdf\&inrwt x
]
[
.BI + pos1
[
.BI - pos2
] ...
] ...
[
.B -k
.I pos1
[
.I ,pos2
]
] ...
[
.B -o
.I output
]
[
.B -T
.I dir
\&...
]
[
.I option
\&...
]
[
.I file
\&...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Sort\^
sorts
lines of all the
.I files
together and writes the result on
the standard output.
If no input files are named, the standard input is sorted.
.PP
The default sort key is an entire line.
Default ordering is
lexicographic by runes.
The ordering is affected globally by the following options,
one or more of which may appear.
.TP
.B -M
Compare as months.
The first three
non-white space characters
of the field
are folded
to upper case
and compared
so that
.L JAN
precedes
.LR FEB ,
etc.
Invalid fields
compare low to
.LR JAN .
.TP
.B -b
Ignore leading white space (spaces and tabs) in field comparisons.
.TP
.B -d
`Phone directory' order:
only letters,
accented letters,
digits and white space
are significant in comparisons.
.TP
.B -f
Fold lower case
letters onto upper case.
Accented characters are folded to their
non-accented upper case form.
.TP
.B -i
Ignore characters outside the
.SM ASCII
range 040-0176
in non-numeric comparisons.
.TP
.B -w
Like
.BR -i ,
but ignore only tabs and spaces.
.TP
.B -n
An initial numeric string,
consisting of optional white space,
optional plus or minus sign,
and zero or more digits with optional decimal point,
is sorted by arithmetic value.
.TP
.B -g
Numbers, like
.B -n
but with optional
.BR e -style
exponents, are sorted by value.
.TP
.B -r
Reverse the sense of comparisons.
.TP
.BI -t x\^
`Tab character' separating fields is
.IR x .
.PP
The notation
.BI + "pos1\| " - pos2\^
restricts a sort key to a field beginning at
.I pos1\^
and ending just before
.IR pos2 .
.I Pos1\^
and
.I pos2\^
each have the form
.IB m . n\f1,
optionally followed by one or more of the flags
.BR Mbdfginr ,
where
.I m\^
tells a number of fields to skip from the beginning of the line and
.I n\^
tells a number of characters to skip further.
If any flags are present they override all the global
ordering options for this key.
A missing
.BI \&. n\^
means
.BR \&.0 ;
a missing
.BI - pos2\^
means the end of the line.
Under the
.BI -t x\^
option, fields are strings separated by
.IR x ;
otherwise fields are
non-empty strings separated by white space.
White space before a field
is part of the field, except under option
.BR -b .
A
.B b
flag may be attached independently to
.IR pos1
and
.IR pos2.
.PP
The notation
.B -k
.IR pos1 [, pos2 ]
is how POSIX
.I sort
defines fields:
.I pos1
and
.I pos2
have the same format but different meanings.
The value of
.I m\^
is origin 1 instead of origin 0
and a missing
.BI \&. n\^
in
.I pos2
is the end of the field.
.PP
When there are multiple sort keys, later keys
are compared only after all earlier keys
compare equal.
Lines that otherwise compare equal are ordered
with all bytes significant.
.PP
These option arguments are also understood:
.TP \w'\fL-z\fIrecsize\fLXX'u
.B -c
Check that the single input file is sorted according to the ordering rules;
give no output unless the file is out of sort.
.TP
.B -m
Merge; assume the input files are already sorted.
.TP
.B -u
Suppress all but one in each
set of equal lines.
Ignored bytes
and bytes outside keys
do not participate in
this comparison.
.TP
.B -o
The next argument is the name of an output file
to use instead of the standard output.
This file may be the same as one of the inputs.
.TP
.BI -T dir
Put temporary files in
.I dir
rather than in
.BR /tmp .
.ne 4
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.L sort -u +0f +0 list
Print in alphabetical order all the unique spellings
in a list of words
where capitalized words differ from uncapitalized.
.TP
.L sort -t: +1 /adm/users
Print the users file
sorted by user name
(the second colon-separated field).
.TP
.L sort -umM dates
Print the first instance of each month in an already sorted file.
Options
.B -um
with just one input file make the choice of a
unique representative from a set of equal lines predictable.
.TP
.L
grep -n '^' input | sort -t: +1f +0n | sed 's/[0-9]*://'
A stable sort: input lines that compare equal will
come out in their original order.
.SH FILES
.BI /tmp/sort. <pid>.<ordinal>
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/sort.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR uniq (1),
.IR look (1)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.I Sort
comments and exits with non-null status for various trouble
conditions and for disorder discovered under option
.BR -c .
.SH BUGS
An external null character can be confused
with an internally generated end-of-field character.
The result can make a sub-field not sort
less than a longer field.
.PP
Some of the options, e.g.
.B -i
and
.BR -M ,
are hopelessly provincial.

96
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.TH SPELL 1
.SH NAME
spell, sprog \- find spelling errors
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B spell
[
.I options
]
\&...
[
.I file
]
\&...
.PP
.B sprog
[
.I options
]
[
.B -f
.I file
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Spell
looks up words from the named
.I files
(standard input default)
in a spelling list and places
possible misspellings\(emwords
not sanctioned there\(emon the standard output.
.PP
.I Spell
ignores constructs of
.IR troff (1)
and its standard preprocessors.
It understands these options:
.TP
.B -b
Check British spelling.
.TP
.B -v
Print all words not literally in the spelling list, with
derivations.
.TP
.B -x
Print, marked with
.LR = ,
every stem as it is looked up in the spelling list,
along with its affix classes.
.PP
As a matter of policy,
.I spell
does not admit multiple spellings of the same word.
Variants that follow general rules are preferred
over those that don't, even when the unruly spelling is
more common.
Thus, in American usage, `modelled', `sizeable', and `judgment' are
rejected in favor of `modeled', `sizable', and `judgement'.
Agglutinated variants are shunned: `crewmember' and `backyard'
cede to `crew member' and `back yard' (noun) or `back-yard'
(adjective).
.SH FILES
.TF /sys/lib/brspell
.TP
.B /sys/lib/amspell
American spelling list
.TP
.B /sys/lib/brspell
British spelling list
.TP
.B /bin/aux/sprog
The actual spelling checker.
It expects one word per line on standard input,
and takes the same arguments as
.IR spell .
.SH SOURCE
.TF /sys/src/cmd/spell
.TP
.B /rc/bin/spell
the script
.TP
.B /sys/src/cmd/spell
source for
.I sprog
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR deroff (1)
.SH BUGS
The heuristics of
.IR deroff (1)
used to excise formatting information are imperfect.
.br
The spelling list's coverage is uneven;
in particular biology, medicine, and chemistry, and
perforce proper names,
not to mention languages other than English,
are covered very lightly.

82
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.TH SPLIT 1
.CT 1 files
.SH NAME
split \- split a file into pieces
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B split
[
.I option ...
]
[
.I file
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Split
reads
.I file
(standard input by default)
and writes it in pieces of 1000
lines per output file.
The names of the
output files are
.BR xaa ,
.BR xab ,
and so on to
.BR xzz .
The options are
.TP
.BI -n " n"
Split into
.IR n -line
pieces.
.TP
.BI -l " n"
Synonym for
.B -n
.IR n ,
a nod to Unix's syntax.
.TP
.BI -e " expression"
File divisions occur at each line
that matches a regular
.IR expression ;
see
.IR regexp (6).
Multiple
.B -e
options may appear.
If a subexpression of
.I expression
is contained in parentheses
.BR ( ... ) ,
the output file name is the portion of the
line which matches the subexpression.
.TP
.BI -f " stem
Use
.I stem
instead of
.B x
in output file names.
.TP
.BI -s " suffix
Append
.I suffix
to names identified under
.BR -e .
.TP
.B -x
Exclude the matched input line from the output file.
.TP
.B -i
Ignore case in option
.BR -e ;
force output file names (excluding the suffix)
to lower case.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/split.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR sed (1),
.IR awk (1),
.IR grep (1),
.IR regexp (6)

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.TH STRINGS 1
.SH NAME
strings \- extract printable strings
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B strings
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Strings
finds and prints strings containing 6 or more
consecutive printable UTF-encoded characters
in a (typically) binary file, default
standard input.
Printable characters are taken to be
.SM ASCII
characters from blank through tilde (hexadecimal 20 through 7E), inclusive,
and
all other characters from value 00A0 to FFFF.
Strings reports
the decimal offset within the file at which the string starts and the text
of the string. If the string is longer than 70 runes the line is
terminated by three dots and the printing is resumed on the next
line with the offset of the continuation line.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/strings.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR nm (1)

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.TH SUM 1
.SH NAME
sum, md5sum, sha1sum \- sum and count blocks in a file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B sum
[
.B -5r
]
[
.I file ...
]
.PP
.B md5sum
[
.I file ...
]
.PP
.B sha1sum
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
By default,
.I sum
calculates and prints a 32-bit hexadecimal checksum,
a byte count,
and the name of
each
.IR file .
The checksum is also a function of the input length.
If no files are given,
the standard input is
summed.
Other summing algorithms are available.
The options are
.TP
.B -r
Sum with the algorithm of System V's
.B "sum -r"
and print the length (in 1K blocks) of the input.
.TP
.B -5
Sum with System V's default algorithm
and print the length (in 512-byte blocks) of the input.
.PP
.I Sum
is typically used to look for bad spots,
to validate a file communicated over
some transmission line or
as a quick way to determine if two files on different machines might be the same.
.PP
.B Md5sum
computes the 32 hex digit RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
described in RFC1321.
If no
.I files
are given,
the standard input is
summed.
.PP
.B Sha1sum
computes the 40 hex digit National Institute of Standards and Technology SHA1 secure hash algorithm
described in FIPS PUB 180-1.
If no
.I files
are given,
the standard input is
summed.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/sum.c
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/md5sum.c
.br
.B /sys/src/cmd/sha1sum.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR cmp (1),
.IR wc (1)

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.TH TAIL 1
.SH NAME
tail \- deliver the last part of a file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B tail
[
.BR +- \fInumber\fP[ lbc ][ rf ]
]
[
.I file
]
.PP
.B tail
[
.B -fr
]
[
.B -n
.I nlines
]
[
.B -c
.I nbytes
]
[
.I file
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Tail
copies the named file to the standard output beginning
at a designated place.
If no file is named, the standard input is copied.
.PP
Copying begins at position
.BI + number
measured from the beginning, or
.BI - number
from the end of the input.
.I Number
is counted in lines, 1K blocks or bytes,
according to the appended flag
.LR l ,
.LR b ,
or
.LR c .
Default is
.B -10l
(ten ell).
.PP
The further flag
.L r
causes tail to print lines from the end of the file in reverse order;
.L f
(follow) causes
.IR tail ,
after printing to the end, to keep watch and
print further data as it appears.
.PP
The second syntax is that promulgated by POSIX, where
the
.I numbers
rather than the options are signed.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.B tail file
Print the last 10 lines of a file.
.TP
.B tail +0f file
Print a file, and continue to watch
data accumulate as it grows.
.TP
.B sed 10q file
Print the first 10 lines of a file.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/tail.c
.SH BUGS
Tails relative to the end of the file
are treasured up in a buffer, and thus
are limited in length.
.br
According to custom, option
.BI + number
counts lines from 1, and counts
blocks and bytes from 0.
.br
.I Tail
is ignorant of UTF.

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.TH TAR 1
.SH NAME
tar \- archiver
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B tar
.I key
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
.I Tar
saves and restores file trees.
It is most often used to transport a tree of files from one
system to another.
The
.I key
is a string that contains
at most one function letter plus optional modifiers.
Other arguments to the command are names of
files or directories to be dumped or restored.
A directory name implies all the contained
files and subdirectories (recursively).
.PP
The function is one of the following letters:
.TP
.B c
Create a new archive with the given files as contents.
.TP
.B x
Extract the named files from the archive.
If a file is a directory, the directory is extracted recursively.
Modes are restored if possible.
If no file argument is given, extract the entire archive.
If the archive contains multiple entries for a file,
the latest one wins.
.TP
.B t
List all occurrences of each
.I file
in the archive, or of all files if there are no
.I file
arguments.
.TP
.B r
The named files
are appended to the archive.
.PP
The modifiers are:
.TP
.B v
(verbose)
Print the name of each file treated
preceded by the function letter.
With
.BR t ,
give more details about the
archive entries.
.TP
.B f
Use the next argument as the name of the archive instead of
the default standard input (for keys
.B x
and
.BR t )
or standard output (for keys
.B c
and
.BR r ).
.TP
.B u
Use the next (numeric) argument as the user id for files in
the output archive. This is only useful when moving files to
a non-Plan 9 system.
.TP
.B g
Use the next (numeric) argument as the group id for files in
the output archive.
.TP
.B p
Create archive in POSIX ustar format,
which raises the maximum pathname length from 100 to 256 bytes.
Ustar archives are recognised automatically by
.I tar
when reading archives.
.TP
.B R
When extracting, ignore leading slash on file names,
i.e., extract all files relative to the current directory.
.TP
.B T
Modifies the behavior of
.B x
to set the mode and modified time
of each file to that specified in the archive.
.SH EXAMPLES
.I Tar
can be used to copy hierarchies thus:
.IP
.EX
@{cd fromdir && tar cp .} | @{cd todir && tar xT}
.EE
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/tar.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR ar (1),
.IR bundle (1),
.IR tapefs (1)
.SH BUGS
There is no way to ask for any but the last
occurrence of a file.
.br
File path names are limited to
100 characters
(256 when using ustar format).
.br
The tar format allows specification of links and symbolic links,
concepts foreign to Plan 9: they are ignored.

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.TH TEE 1
.SH NAME
tee \- pipe fitting
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B tee
[
.B -i
]
[
.B -a
]
.I files
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Tee
transcribes the standard input to the standard
output and makes copies in the
.IR files .
The options are
.TP
.B -i
Ignore interrupts.
.TP
.B -a
Append the output to the
.I files
rather than rewriting them.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/tee.c

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.TH TEST 1
.SH NAME
test \- set status according to condition
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B test
.I expr
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Test
evaluates the expression
.IR expr .
If the value is true the exit status is null; otherwise the
exit status is non-null.
If there are no arguments the exit status is non-null.
.PP
The following primitives are used to construct
.IR expr .
.TP "\w'\fIn1 \fL-eq \fIn2\fLXX'u"
.BI -r " file"
True if the file exists (is accessible) and is readable.
.PD0
.TP
.BI -w " file"
True if the file exists and is writable.
.TP
.BI -x " file"
True if the file exists and has execute permission.
.TP
.BI -e " file
True if the file exists.
.TP
.BI -f " file"
True if the file exists and is a plain file.
.TP
.BI -d " file"
True if the file exists and is a directory.
.TP
.BI -s " file"
True if the file exists and has a size greater than zero.
.TP
.BI -t " fildes
True if the open file whose file descriptor number is
.I fildes
(1 by default)
is the same file as
.BR /dev/cons .
.TP
.BI -A " file"
True if the file exists and is append-only.
.TP
.BI -L " file"
True if the file exists and is exclusive-use.
.TP
.BI -T "file"
True if the file exists and is temporary.
.TP
.IB s1 " = " s2
True
if the strings
.I s1
and
.I s2
are identical.
.TP
.IB s1 " != " s2
True
if the strings
.I s1
and
.I s2
are not identical.
.TP
s1
True if
.I s1
is not the null string.
(Deprecated.)
.TP
.BI -n " s1"
True if the length of string
.I s1
is non-zero.
.TP
.BI -z " s1"
True if the length of string
.I s1
is zero.
.TP
.IB n1 " -eq " n2
True if the integers
.I n1
and
.I n2
are arithmetically equal.
Any of the comparisons
.BR -ne ,
.BR -gt ,
.BR -ge ,
.BR -lt ,
or
.BR -le
may be used in place of
.BR -eq .
The (nonstandard) construct
.BI -l " string\f1,
meaning the length of
.IR string ,
may be used in place of an integer.
.TP
.IB a " -nt " b
True if file
.I a
is newer than (modified after) file
.IR b .
.TP
.IB a " -ot " b
True if file
.I a
is older than (modified before) file
.IR b .
.TP
.IB f " -older " t
True if file
.I f
is older than (modified before) time
.IR t .
If
.I t
is a integer followed by the letters
.BR y (years),
.BR M (months),
.BR d (days),
.BR h (hours),
.BR m (minutes),
or
.BR s (seconds),
it represents current time minus the specified time.
If there is no letter, it represents seconds since
epoch.
You can also concatenate mixed units. For example,
.B 3d12h
means three days and twelve hours ago.
.PD
.PP
These primaries may be combined with the
following operators:
.TP "\w'\fL( \fIexpr\fL )XX'u"
.B !
unary negation operator
.PD0
.TP
.B -o
binary
.I or
operator
.TP
.B -a
binary
.I and
operator; higher precedence than
.BR -o
.TP
.BI "( " expr " )"
parentheses for grouping.
.PD
.PP
The primitives
.BR -b ,
.BR -u ,
.BR -g ,
and
.BR -s
return false; they are recognized for compatibility with POSIX.
.PP
Notice that all the operators and flags are separate
arguments to
.IR test .
Notice also that parentheses and equal signs are meaningful
to
.I rc
and must be enclosed in quotes.
.SH EXAMPLES
.I Test
is a dubious way to check for specific character strings:
it uses a process to do what an
.IR rc (1)
match or switch statement can do.
The first example is not only inefficient but wrong, because
.I test
understands the purported string
.B \&"-c"
as an option.
.IP
.EX
if (test $1 '=' "-c") echo OK # wrong!
.EE
.LP
A better way is
.IP
.EX
if (~ $1 -c) echo OK
.EE
.PP
Test whether
.L abc
is in the current directory.
.IP
.B test -f abc -o -d abc
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/test.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR rc (1)

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.TH TIME 1
.SH NAME
time \- time a command
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B time
.I command
[
.I arg ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.I command
is executed with the given arguments; after it is complete,
.I time
reports on standard error the program's elapsed user time,
system time, and real time, in seconds,
followed by the command line.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/time.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR prof (1)

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.TH TOUCH 1
.SH NAME
touch \- set modification date of a file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B touch
[
.B -c
]
[
.B -t
.I time
]
.I file ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Touch
attempts to set the modification time of the
.I files
to
.I time
(by default, the current time).
If a
.I file
does not exist,
it will be created unless option
.B -c
is present.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/touch.c
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR ls (1),
.IR stat (2),
.IR chmod (1)
.SH BUGS
.I Touch
will not touch directories.

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.TH TR 1
.SH NAME
tr \- translate characters
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B tr
[
.B -cds
]
[
.I string1
[
.I string2
]
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Tr
copies the standard input to the standard output with
substitution or deletion of selected characters (runes).
Input characters found in
.I string1
are mapped into the corresponding characters of
.IR string2 .
When
.I string2
is short it is padded to the length of
.I string1
by duplicating its last character.
Any combination of the options
.B -cds
may be used:
.TP
.B -c
Complement
.IR string1 :
replace it with a lexicographically ordered
list of all other characters.
.TP
.B -d
Delete from input all characters in
.IR string1 .
.TP
.B -s
Squeeze repeated output characters that occur in
.I string2
to single characters.
.PP
In either string a noninitial sequence
.BI - x\f1,
where
.I x
is any character (possibly quoted), stands for
a range of characters:
a possibly empty sequence of codes running from
the successor of the previous code up through
the code for
.IR x .
The character
.L \e
followed by 1, 2 or 3 octal digits stands for the
character whose
16-bit
value is given by those digits.
The character sequence
.L \ex
followed by 1, 2, 3, or 4 hexadecimal digits stands
for the character whose
16-bit value is given by those digits.
A
.L \e
followed by any other character stands
for that character.
.SH EXAMPLES
Replace all upper-case
.SM ASCII
letters by lower-case.
.IP
.EX
tr A-Z a-z <mixed >lower
.EE
.PP
Create a list of all
the words in
.L file1
one per line in
.LR file2 ,
where a word is taken to be a maximal string of alphabetics.
.I String2
is given as a quoted newline.
.IP
.EX
tr -cs A-Za-z '
\&' <file1 >file2
.EE
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/tr.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR sed (1)

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.TH UNIQ 1
.SH NAME
uniq \- report repeated lines in a file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B uniq
[
.B -udc
[
.BI +- num
]
]
[
.I file
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Uniq
copies the input
.IR file ,
or the standard input, to the
standard output, comparing adjacent lines.
In the normal case, the second and succeeding copies
of repeated lines are
removed.
Repeated lines must be adjacent
in order to be found.
.TP
.B -u
Print unique lines.
.TP
.B -d
Print (one copy of) duplicated lines.
.TP
.B -c
Prefix a repetition count and a tab to each output line.
Implies
.B -u
and
.BR -d .
.TP
.BI - num
The first
.IR num
fields
together with any blanks before each are ignored.
A field is defined as a string of non-space, non-tab characters
separated by tabs and spaces from its neighbors.
.TP
.BI + num
The first
.IR num
characters are ignored.
Fields are skipped before characters.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/uniq.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR sort (1)
.SH BUGS
Field selection and comparison should be compatible with
.IR sort (1).

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.TH WC 1
.SH NAME
wc \- word count
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B wc
[
.B -lwrbc
]
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Wc
counts lines, words, runes, syntactically-invalid
.SM UTF
codes and bytes in the named
.IR files ,
or in the standard input if no file is named.
A word is a maximal string of characters
delimited by spaces, tabs or newlines.
The count of runes includes invalid codes.
.PP
If the optional argument is present,
just the specified counts (lines, words, runes, broken
.SM UTF
codes or bytes)
are selected by the letters
.BR l ,
.BR w ,
.BR r ,
.BR b ,
or
.BR c .
Otherwise, lines, words and bytes
.RB ( -lwc )
are reported.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/wc.c
.SH BUGS
The Unicode Standard has many blank characters scattered through it,
but
.I wc
looks for only
.SM ASCII
space, tab and newline.
.br
.I Wc
should have options to count suboptimal
.SM UTF
codes
and bytes that cannot occur in any
.SM UTF
code.

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.TH XD 1
.SH NAME
xd \- hex, octal, decimal, or ASCII dump
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xd
[
.I option ...
]
[
.BI - "format ...
] [
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Xd
concatenates and dumps the
.I files
(standard input by default)
in one or more formats.
Groups of 16 bytes are printed in each of the named formats, one
format per line.
Each line of output is prefixed by its address (byte offset)
in the input file.
The first line of output for each group is zero-padded; subsequent are blank-padded.
.PP
Formats other than
.B -c
are specified by pairs of characters telling size and style,
.L 4x
by default.
The sizes are
.TP \w'2\ or\ w\ \ \ 'u
.BR 1 " or " b
1-byte units.
.PD0
.TP
.BR 2 " or " w
2-byte big-endian units.
.TP
.BR 4 " or " l
4-byte big-endian units.
.TP
.BR 8 " or " v
8-byte big-endian units.
.PD
.PP
The styles are
.TP 0
.B o
Octal.
.PD0
.TP
.B x
Hexadecimal.
.TP
.B d
Decimal.
.PD
.PP
Other options are
.TP \w'\fL-a\fIstyle\fLXX'u
.B -c
Format as
.B 1x
but print
.SM ASCII
representations or C escape sequences where possible.
.TP
.BI -a style
Print file addresses in the given style (and size 4).
.TP
.B -u
(Unbuffered) Flush the output buffer after each 16-byte sequence.
.TP
.B -s
Reverse (swab) the order of bytes in each group of 4 before printing.
.TP
.B -r
Print repeating groups of identical 16-byte sequences as the first group
followed by an asterisk.
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/xd.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR db (1)
.SH BUGS
The various output formats don't line up properly in the output of
.IR xd .

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.TH YACC 1
.SH NAME
yacc \- yet another compiler-compiler
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B yacc
[
.I option ...
]
.I grammar
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Yacc
converts a context-free grammar and translation code
into a set of
tables for an LR(1) parser and translator.
The grammar may be ambiguous;
specified precedence rules are used to break ambiguities.
.PP
The output file,
.BR y.tab.c ,
must be compiled by the C compiler
to produce a program
.LR yyparse .
This program must be loaded with a lexical analyzer function,
.B yylex(void)
(often generated by
.IR lex (1)),
with a
.B main(int argc, char *argv[])
program, and with an error handling routine,
.BR yyerror(char*) .
.PP
The options are
.TP "\w'\fL-o \fIoutput\fLXX'u"
.BI -o " output
Direct output to the specified file instead of
.BR y.tab.c .
.TP
.BI -D n
Create file
.BR y.debug ,
containing diagnostic messages.
To incorporate them in the parser, compile it with preprocessor symbol
.B yydebug
defined.
The amount of
diagnostic output from the parser is regulated by
value
.IR n .
The value 0 reports errors; 1 reports reductions;
higher values (up to 4) include more information about
state transitions.
.TP
.B -v
Create file
.BR y.output ,
containing a description of the parsing tables and of
conflicts arising from ambiguities in the grammar.
.TP
.B -d
Create file
.BR y.tab.h ,
containing
.B #define
statements that associate
.IR yacc -assigned
`token codes' with user-declared `token names'.
Include it in source files other than
.B y.tab.c
to give access to the token codes.
.TP
.BI -s " stem
Change the prefix
.L y
of the file names
.BR y.tab.c ,
.BR y.tab.h ,
.BR y.debug ,
and
.B y.output
to
.IR stem .
.TP
.B -S
Write a parser that uses
Stdio
instead of the
.B print
routines in libc.
.PP
The specification of
.I yacc
itself is essentially the same as the UNIX version
described in the references mentioned below.
Besides the
.B -D
option, the main relevant differences are:
.IP
The interface to the C environment is by default through
.B <libc.h>
rather than
.BR <stdio.h> ;
the
.B -S
option reverses this.
.IP
The parser accepts
.SM UTF
input text (see
.IR utf (6)),
which has a couple of effects.
First, the return value of
.B yylex()
no longer fits in a
.BR short ;
second, the starting value for non-terminals is now 0xE000 rather than 257.
.IP
The generated parser can be recursive: actions can call
.IR yyparse ,
for example to implement a sort of
.B #include
statement in an interpreter.
.IP
Finally, some undocumented inner workings of the parser have been
changed, which may affect programs that know too much about its structure.
.SH FILES
.TF /sys/lib/yaccpars
.TP
.B y.output
.TP
.B y.tab.c
.TP
.B y.tab.h
.TP
.B y.debug
.TP
.B y.tmp.*
temporary file
.TP
.B y.acts.*
temporary file
.TP
.B /sys/lib/yaccpar
parser prototype
.TP
.B /sys/lib/yaccpars
parser prototype using stdio
.SH SOURCE
.B /sys/src/cmd/yacc.c
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR lex (1)
.br
S. C. Johnson and R. Sethi,
``Yacc: A parser generator'',
.I
Unix Research System Programmer's Manual,
Tenth Edition, Volume 2
.br
B. W. Kernighan and Rob Pike,
.I
The UNIX Programming Environment,
Prentice Hall, 1984
.SH BUGS
The parser may not have full information when it writes to
.B y.debug
so that the names of the tokens returned by
.L yylex
may be missing.